If you ask someone else for help on a problem in an exam you are cheating, but if you don’t ask someone for help on a problem in the real world, you are a fool.
— Dan Schwartz Stanford Graduate School of Education
Eric Mazur, a physics professor at Harvard, since ’90, is credited with popularizing the flipped classroom with the publication of his book Peer Instruction in ’97.
Carl Wieman, Nobel Laureate in physics in ’01, furthered Mazur’s work with the creation of the Carl Wieman Science Education Initiative (CSWEI) at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in ’97.
One of the concrete pedagogical tools to come out of that work in ’09 is a relatively simple way to introduce collaborative learning and formative assessment into an exam:
https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/downing/papers/Two-Stage-Exams-2014.pdf