The Chatty Gal

Women's health & wellness

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Getting the Diagnosis: Endometriosis

Getting the Diagnosis: Endometriosis

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Endometriosis affects approximately  1 in 10 women, disproportionately affecting women in their 30s and 40s. For most individuals, getting diagnosed with endometriosis is a difficult process. On average, it takes anywhere from 3 to 11 years after the onset of symptoms to reach the final diagnosis. Social media is rife with personal accounts of healthcare failures exacerbating endometriosis. For example, YouTubers who have gone through the diagnostic journey themselves shed light on why it takes such a long time to reach a diagnosis, whether it be doctors dismissing their pain or reaching another diagnosis that might explain the symptoms that they are experiencing. Buzzfeed’s As/Is channel on YouTube uploaded a video in 2019 titled “A Week In My Life With Endometriosis,” which documented one individual’s daily life while they deal with this condition. Clips of her laying in bed with loose, stretchy pants, shopping for “safe foods,” and keeping a heating pad on while sitting at her work desk felt extra relatable to me, as there are days where my pain confines me to oversized sweatshirts and loose leggings but I still have to attend classes or take care of errands. “The extra steps that I have to take every single day just to be comfortable, just to exist in a way that’s comfortable to me, is something that I wish the average person understood a little bit better” is a sentence that still resonates with me to this day.

Like the woman in the YouTube video, my mother ranks among the countless people who have suffered from both the physical and institutional consequences of endometriosis. Since the age of 18, she suffered from bad periods. “My cramps were so severe that I would double-over in pain and take an unrecommended amount of aspirin just to get by,” my mom explained to me. This pain stayed for another 3 years, until she started using birth control pills to prevent an unplanned pregnancy. Four to five years later when my parents started to discuss having kids and my mom stopped the birth control, the bad periods returned and her pain was at an all-time high. When she talked to her gynecologist at the time about her symptoms, she was told that she was just experiencing severe hormone imbalance due to stopping birth control. “Every woman has cramps,” they said to her. It took switching to a new gynecologist and eventually being referred to a fertility specialist at age 27 for my mom to be diagnosed with severe endometriosis.

My story is a little bit different from my mom’s. I started experiencing bad periods when I was around 12 years old, and at age 14, I went to my mom’s OB/GYN so that I could be given the Nexplanon birth control implant. From the next 4 to 5 years, my birth control seemed to work wonders for me. However, in the past two years I’ve noticed that some of my previous symptoms are returning, I’m experiencing new symptoms I haven’t before, and something doesn’t feel right. I am 21 years old, and I am experiencing a lot of the same symptoms my mother was experiencing right before her diagnosis. In addition to talking to my mom, I’ve started to do my own research, and here is what I have found so far.

So… what exactly is endometriosis?

Endometriosis is a condition in which endometrial-like tissue that typically lines your uterus starts to grow outside of the uterus. Endometrial tissue in your uterus thickens each month and will break down and shed with your menstrual cycle. However, the endometrial-like tissue that grows outside of the uterus on your pelvic organs (or even outside the pelvis region entirely) has no way to shed your body, so it becomes trapped and eventually becomes irritated, leading to scar tissue and adhesions. It is the scar tissue and adhesions that often are the source of the pain people with endometriosis commonly experience, and also the source of fertility problems that may only be discovered when one is planning to have children.

What does endometriosis feel or look like?

While endometriosis can vary from person to person, there are many common symptoms that individuals can face. These symptoms include:

  • Painful periods
  • Pain with sexual intercourse
  • Pain with bowel movements or urination
  • Excessive bleeding during or between periods
  • Infertility
  • Fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, nausea, headaches/migraines, and more

It should also be noted that the stage of endometriosis one may get diagnosed with may not correspond to an individual’s pain levels or experience of other symptoms.

How is endometriosis diagnosed, and why does it usually take so long?

To diagnose endometriosis and rule out any other conditions, your doctor will typically ask you to describe all of the symptoms that you are experiencing and will conduct a variety of tests, such as pelvic exams, abdominal and/or vaginal ultrasounds, and MRIs. With all of that said, laparoscopies are often referred to as the “gold-standard” for official diagnosis, as this procedure allows doctors to see the inside of your abdomen and see if there is any endometrial tissue growing outside of the uterus, which is often removed at the same time. Biopsies are sometimes performed during these laparoscopies so that the tissue can be tested later in the lab and the diagnosis can be histologically confirmed. Laparoscopies also allow for doctors to determine the stage of endometriosis, ranging from stage 1 (minimal) to stage 4 (severe). 

Diagnosis often takes such a long time because endometriosis and its symptoms can be confused with a number of other conditions and diseases, including pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, and irritable bowel syndrome. Pain can sometimes be dismissed by doctors that think it is “normal,” or the condition may not even be an issue until an individual starts to encounter fertility issues.

How is endometriosis treated? Is there a cure?

Unfortunately, there is no cure for endometriosis. However, there are many effective treatments that are available today, and because endometriosis is unique to each individual, individualized treatment plans are important. Treatment for endometriosis typically involves (but is not limited to) laparoscopic surgeries, pain medication, and/or hormone therapy. Some individuals may continue to experience pain or have pain return years after treatment, which can be the case when endometrial tissue that was not visible and/or removable during initial surgery, in which medication or even a hysterectomy is the next step to manage symptoms.

For my mom, most of her symptoms alleviated three different times – when she became pregnant, after she started DepoProvera birth control, and when she entered menopause. Countless people have anecdotes of their endometriosis symptoms improving after becoming pregnant, but the problem with this is that many are infertile as a result of this condition and have a difficult time conceiving, and there are also many who do not plan on having any children for a while or ever. As for my own journey and my future, I do not plan on ever having children and I think that sometimes my symptoms or treatment options have been overlooked multiple times due to the fact that I am not actively working to become pregnant. Additionally, I am not interested in starting DepoProvera since I am happy with my current form of birth control, and as a 21-year-old, I am not even close to starting menopause. However, after actively advocating for myself at my appointments with my gynecologist, I am in the process of being referred to a surgeon who can do the diagnostic laparoscopic procedure for me at the end of this year. Both my mom and I have our concerns about having the surgery done, but we know that it is important for me to get answers for the sake of my own health and work towards a future with minimal pain. In the past year or so, I’ve learned that not every person’s case of endometriosis is the same, and with that knowledge in mind, I want to be able to share important information and spread awareness so that people like me will know when to start a conversation with their doctor.

For more information, you can visit acog.org or find an OB-GYN here.

The Eating Disorder Epidemic in Women’s Athletics

The Eating Disorder Epidemic in Women’s Athletics

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CW: description of eating disorders, numbers

At only 17 years old, Mary Cain was on the road to being the next Simone Biles, Serena Williams, or Katie Ledecky of track and field. She was a record-breaking athlete, the youngest American to ever join the World Championship team, and preparing for the Olympics. In short, she was a phenomenon. But before Cain had the chance to make history, her career fell into shambles due to the abusive culture of the elite track team she was signed to, Nike’s Oregon Project. During her time with the team, Mary Cain was pushed by her male coach to eat less and less to lose weight. Refusing to diet would mean losing her place on the best track team in the world; for a young athlete with big dreams, her choice was clear. However, instead of receiving the nutrition she needed to thrive as an athlete, Cain was eating so little that she didn’t menstruate for three years, broke five bones during her time with the team, and was having suicidal thoughts. 

Mary Cain came forward with her story after leaving the Oregon Project, but she is certainly not the only athlete to have experienced this abusive culture; this is a picture all too common in women’s athletics. Almost any athlete would agree that nutrition in athletics is just as important as training. Great athletes are conscientious of what goes into their bodies, but this conscientiousness can develop into a disordered fixation as a result of intense pressure and performance standards. Eating disorders are a serious issue, and women athletes are at a higher risk for developing them than male athletes or non-athlete women. 

There are currently eight eating disorders with diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). Of these, the most well-known, and the one that most commonly affects athletes, is anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa, often shortened colloquially to anorexia, is a disorder characterized by intense restriction of food intake which leads to unhealthy weight loss and an unexpectedly low weight. Those diagnosed with eating disorders are often distressed at the thought of gaining weight, and consistently exhibit behaviors to prevent weight gain. There are two subtypes of anorexia nervosa—the binging/purging subtype, in which the affected individual engages recurrently in self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives/diuretics, or binge eating, and the restricting subtype, in which these binging/purging behaviors are not engaged in. In athletes, heavy restriction of food intake along with intensive exercise is often referred to as anorexia athletica, a specific subtype of anorexia nervosa that affects athletes but has no official diagnostic criteria. 

Something important to note about eating disorders like anorexia nervosa is that, contrary to the beliefs of many, they are not choices—they are real, treatment-warranting illnesses. There are many causal factors that can lead to the development of an eating disorder, and like most psychological disorders, the causes are not yet fully understood. What we do know is that genetics, culture, biology, and environment all have a role to play. Athletes are at a higher risk because of the environment they spend much of their time in—one that links low body weight to high performance, thinness to winning, and struggle to success.

When it comes to athletics, another condition, orthorexia, warrants discussion as well. Having no official diagnostic category, this condition is often filed under “Other specified feeding or eating disorder,” the “catch-all” diagnostic category for disordered eating practices that do not fit elsewhere. Restrictive in nature just like anorexia nervosa, orthorexia is characterized by an intense fixation with “healthy” food, with fear or distress being caused by the consumption of any food seen by an individual as too “unhealthy.” Orthorexia, like anorexia nervosa, is likely to lead to nutritional deficiencies and low body weight, and the individual often lacks awareness of the severity of their body’s condition. 

The problem with women’s athletics is that symptoms like osteoporosis (brittle bones) and amenorrhea (lack of the menstrual period) are seen as normal in the context of the sport, attributed falsely by coaches and athletes alike to intense exercise when they’re truly a result of nutritional deficiency. This is a dangerous lack of recognition. Weight and size are rewarded an undue emphasis in athletics as well; in sports with subjectively judged aesthetic components, like diving, gymnastics, and dance, there is intense pressure to have a certain body type, and in sports requiring speed like track and swimming, having “less weight to carry” is seen as advantageous. Athletes often weigh in right in front of their coaches and teammates, the number on the scale displayed for all to see. On top of all these added pressures, female athletes are subjected to the same everyday beauty standards that affect us all—things like unrealistic body standards seen on social media and photoshopped magazine covers. It makes sense that there’s an eating disorder epidemic in women’s athletics, but that doesn’t mean it’s acceptable. 

The fight against this culture in women’s athletics begins with women like Mary Cain. What happened to her should never have happened, and by making her experiences publicly known, she is taking a step to making sure it never happens to another girl. It starts with athletes like Gracie Gold, a figure-skating prodigy who has told her story of food restriction, binge-eating and purging, depression, and suicidal ideation after a coach told her that 124 pounds was “a big number.” And it starts with Yulia Lipnitskaya, who retired from figure skating to seek inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa after competing in the Olympics at age 15. These are devastating stories, but these women’s courage in speaking out is a step towards destroying the sinister food culture in women’s athletics. We can only hope to continue building awareness and recognition for this issue, so that the faces we see on every Olympic stage to come are smiling and healthy ones.

If you or someone you know is struggling with an eating disorder, contact the NEDA Helpline for support, resources, and treatment options.

Featured Image: Gracie Lam for The New York Times

To Cut or Not to Cut: The C-Section Epidemic

To Cut or Not to Cut: The C-Section Epidemic

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What is a C-section? 

A Cesarean section (C-section) is a surgical procedure to deliver a baby through an incision in the abdomen through the uterus. C-sections can be a life-saving alternative to vaginal deliveries for mothers experiencing certain medical conditions or complications. Often, the need for a first-time C-section cannot be predicted until the mother actually goes into labor.

A brief history of C-sections

C-sections weren’t always a readily available procedure. Before the advancement of anesthesia and antisepsis, C-sections were considered a last resort. The concept of cutting into the abdomen of a mother to deliver a baby is not something that just emerged with modern medicine. C-sections had been crudely performed for centuries and it may even be considered the first surgical procedure in human history. The ancient Romans were the first to develop and document C-sections as a medical procedure. Contrary to popular belief, the procedure was not actually named after the emperor Julius Caesar who was reportedly delivered via a C-section. The term “caesarean” is actually derived from the latin word caesus meaning “to cut.”

Until relatively recently in human history, a C-section was usually not even considered until the mother was close to dying or already dead. The Romans actually had a written law called the Lex Caesaria that required the baby to be removed from the womb if the mother died during childbirth. In short, C-sections were not a procedure that a mother was expected to survive. If the baby made it out of the womb alive, they usually suffered severe and sometimes fatal complications.

With medical innovations and the legitimation of surgery as a field of practice in the 19th and 20th centuries, the C-section became a life-saving procedure rather than a life-ending one. Further, there has been a major shift from the home to the hospital as the place of birth over the past century, making C-sections readily available to most. An estimated 98.4% of babies in the United States are born in hospitals, making them the most common place of birth in the United States. Now C-sections can be safely used to proactively improve health outcomes for mothers and babies at the first sign of complications. 

Why are C-sections performed instead of vaginal deliveries? 

C-sections are one of the most commonly performed surgeries globally for a variety of reasons. Major improvements in the execution of this procedure have drastically lowered preventable causes of maternal mortality and infant mortality. 

  • Stalled labor: The cervix does not open enough for a successful deliver despite hours of strong contractions
  • The baby is in distress: The baby is not receiving adequate blood flow or oxygen during labor. This condition may even result in an early delivery if this occurs during the pregnancy. 
  • The baby is in an abnormal position: Babies in the uterus are normally positioned head-down with the chin tucked to the chest. During delivery, they enter the birth canal head first. If the baby’s feet or buttocks enter the birth canal first or if the baby is positioned sideways, a C-section is a safer approach to delivery. 

Source

  • Multiple babies are being delivered: When there is more than one baby in the womb, they may end up in an abnormal position.
  • Placenta previa: The placenta covers the opening of the cervix 
    • Prolapsed umbilical cord: Part of the umbilical cord slips through the cervix ahead of the baby
  •  Mechanical obstruction: If the birth canal is obstructed it is difficult to deliver a baby in a healthy condition. Some examples are fibroids, pelvic fractures, or an enlarged head of the baby. 
  • Pre-existing health conditions: C-sections are often recommended for mothers with severe heart or brain conditions. Mothers with an active gential herpes infection at the time of labor are also recommended C-sections. 
  • Previous C-sections: A vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) is possible depending on the type of uterine incision used in the previous C-section and other underlying factors. Healthcare providers sometimes recommend a repeat C-section for mothers that don’t meet the criteria.

Why do mothers choose C-sections as an elective surgery? 

The global C-section rate has drastically increased in less than a generation. In 2000 C-sections accounted for 12% of all births; in 2015 this rate rose to 21%. In the United States, 1 in 3 babies are delivered via C-section. However, there’s much more to these statistics than mothers just wanting to avoid delivering a baby vaginally. In reality, only 3% of women elect to have the procedure because they are afraid of vaginal birth. 

What’s really going on?

The reason for the drastic rise in C-sections is actually perpetuated by healthcare providers. Patients trust their maternity care providers even though they may not have received a thorough explanation of risks and possible alternatives. According to the national Listening to Mothers survey, women may go through with recommended treatments even if they have little awareness of the extent to which their care and health outcomes are affected by practice variation, side effects, and other nonmedical factors. Thus, it is the providers making the recommendations that contribute most to this growing C-section epidemic. 

Health insurance companies put a lot of pressure on healthcare providers to work as “efficiently” as possible. Unfortunately, this leads to the practice of quantity over quality. The more patients the providers see and the more services they provide, the more money they make. C-sections are a much faster procedure to perform than vaginal deliveries, which makes C-sections especially convenient if the provider is paid the same amount for either procedure. There is even greater incentive for performing C-sections when hospitals are financially reimbursed more for cesarean birth rather than vaginal birth. Essentially, providers and hospitals are increasing their rates of C-sections for the sake of making profit. 

Healthcare providers may also show a preference for C-sections for the sake of their personal lifestyles. Now more than ever, providers seek and even expect a greater work-life balance than what was possible before. This usually makes them less willing to attend births at night and on weekends and holidays. Planned C-sections, especially on weekdays, are a convenient way for them to maintain that balance sometimes at the expense of their patients. While C-sections offer many benefits to a patient, an unnecessary operation could be harmful. 

What makes unnecessary C-sections so dangerous? 

Just like all other surgeries, a C-section carries many risks. 

    • Infection: The lining of the uterus may become infected.
    • Postpartum hemorrhage: Heavy bleeding during and after delivery.
    • Reactions to anesthesia: Most C-sections are done under regional anesthesia, which numbs only the lower part of your body. In an emergency, general anesthesia may be used. Adverse effects are possible for any type of anesthesia.
    • Blood clots: A blood clot may develop inside a deep vein. If the blood clot travels to the lungs and blocks blood flow, the damage can be life-threatening.
    • Wound infection: The incision site may become infected. 
    • Unintended surgical injury: On rare occasions incisions may accidentally be made to surrounding organs.  

The mother is often at a higher risk of developing severe complications in future pregnancies after a C-section than a vaginal delivery. With each subsequent C-section, there is a higher risk of the placenta becoming abnormally attached to the wall of the uterus or the opening of the cervix. For mothers that attempt a VBAC, there is also a higher risk of the uterus rupturing if there is a tear along the scar line from a previous C-section.

The baby is also at higher risk for chronic medical conditions and diseases

  • Breathing problems, especially for babies in future pregnancies 
  • Childhood-onset diabetes 
  • Allergies with cold-like symptoms
  • Asthma

If it is not medically necessary, there is no need to put a mother and a baby at risk for these complications as well as extended hospital stays and a longer recovery period.

How can expecting parents navigate birth options?

While it is important to build a trusting relationship with the maternal healthcare provider, mothers should be wary of their intentions. The provider may be recommending the procedure to address a health concern. Although the provider is already legally required to share the risks and benefits of the procedure, make sure to also ask about the risks and benefits of an alternative vaginal birth. Another possible indicator of the provider’s intentions can be seen in the C-section rate of the hospital. You can check https://www.cesareanrates.org/ and https://www.leapfroggroup.org/ for information about your state’s C-section rates and the rates of many hospitals.

Feature Image: https://lafuk.tumblr.com/

Muslim Representation in Mental Health

Muslim Representation in Mental Health

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From navigating newfound “independence” to finding friends in a 500 person class, transitioning into university life was a struggle for me. Realizing that I was, in fact, not an exception to all those times faculty warned us that “university is much harder than high school,” I found myself constantly questioning my self worth and whether I was capable of seeing this college thing through. My mentor at the time worked at my school’s counseling and mental health service, and suggested that I consider looking into what they have to offer for students like me. After a week of staring at the phone number on the website, I finally worked up the courage to make the call. Somehow overpowering the urge to hang up the phone as soon as the counselor picked up and working up the courage to walk to my appointment, I found myself on a comfy little sofa across from my counselor. 

Here, I found myself slowly opening up to him, delving into my University experience and accepting the fact that I was on that sofa because I deserved to talk to someone, not because there was something wrong with me. When he started asking me questions about my culture and religion, I froze. I almost felt the wall that I had painstakingly pieced apart build back up between us. He constantly reassured me that he was asking these questions to see if there was a sense of community I could establish, but I could not shake the fear that he was going to judge me as soon as he realized I was Muslim. 

Upon discussion with many of my peers, I learned that many members of the Muslim community resonate with this hesitancy to obtain counseling services. The current state of the media has shaped many negative connotations towards the Muslim community. Thus, many Muslims have to navigate interactions sparked by these negative connotations, adding to the stressors of daily life. This does not indicate the strength of one’s faith or the confidence they have in their religion. However, there are nuances of daily life that members of the Muslim community encounter that contribute to their mental health. Constantly being told or chastised by others for your choices regarding the hijab (whether you wear it, how you wear it, etc.) can be a frustrating experience because it is such a personal part of one’s journey. Waking up to news of a mosque shooting across the world may make one question whether this would spark further violence in their own community: are they no longer safe going about their daily routine? Witnessing a lack of awareness towards Muslim concentration camps may make one question whether the world actually cares about the injustices towards this community. These events constantly take a toll on the well-being of Muslims around the world, so how does a non-Muslim counselor even begin to understand these concerns and how they apply to the already present stressors of life?

At this time, Muslim representation in counseling and mental health services is especially important to provide the best level of support to members of the Muslim community. In general practice, people tend to be more comfortable with counselors/healthcare providers who share some sense of identity with them. In the same way, Muslims may feel more understood by a counselor who understands their beliefs, acknowledges the effects of stigma towards their religion, and can work towards addressing those concerns. This can be implemented through increasing Muslim representation in this field or through establishing trainings on how to address the needs of this community. Hopefully this will encourage more members of the Muslim community to reach out to counseling services, potentially allowing for further Muslim representation in the field and working towards addressing the stigma of using mental health resources.

Illustration by Natee127/Getty Images

Mental Health Resources in Austin for Muslims:

  • Sarah Shah, Licensed Professional Counselor-Associate: www.healwithsarahshah.com; IG: @healwithsarahshah
  • Rawand Abdelghani, Licensed Social Worker and Mental Health Clinician: IG: @hopewithrawand
  • Safa Institute, non-profit organization for connecting muslims with mental health resources: IG: @safainstitute

Featured Image: Photographed by Nadia Correia

Pregnancy in the Midst of a Pandemic

Pregnancy in the Midst of a Pandemic

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Pregnancy is already a long journey, and the emergence of COVID-19 has brought along physical and mental burdens to mothers and mothers-to-be. Pregnant people are at a higher risk of contracting COVID-19 or experiencing more severe effects of lung and cardiovascular strain.  Worries about their health also affect pregnant peoples’  mental states and can further contribute to ill health. This stress is compounded by isolation as many people have had to deliver babies without loved ones around them due to current no visitor policies in hospitals. 

The Physical Impact of COVID-19 on Pregnancy

Although research on pregnancy is still far from complete, some trends have been observed.. Firstly, data suggests that pregnancy causes women’s bodies to be more susceptible to severe COVID-19. This is partially due to the coronavirus’ main points of attack being the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, both of which are already under additional stress during pregnancy. As the uterus expands, it presses against the lungs and therefore affects pulmonary function. The higher vulnerability to COVID-19 also stems from pregnancy altering the immune system. According to Dr. Akiko Iwasaki, an immunologist who studies at the Yale School of Medicine, a pregnant woman’s entire immune system is geared towards not creating any sort of anti-fetal immune response, so “the mother has to compromise her own immune defense in order to preserve the baby’s health.” 

In September of 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted a study on the birth outcomes of 598 pregnant women confirmed to have COVID-19. They found that pregnant women with COVID-19 were more likely (6 times more likely according to the Public Health Agency of Sweden) to be hospitalized and admitted to the Intensive Care Unit as opposed to their non-pregnant counterparts. Moreover, there was a slight increase in preterm deliveries. Another study found that pregnant women were 70% more likely to need ventilators. 

The Mental Effects of the Pandemic on Pregnant Women

In addition to the physical strain of pregnancy, there are several mental stressors on pregnant women during this pandemic. From worrying about their baby’s health  to their own wellbeing, people are spread thin juggling the physical and emotional labor of pregnancy.

Working as a medical assistant at a gynecologist’s office over this past year has given me personal insight to the perspectives of pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. I heard many admissions of distress and anxiety, and the OB-GYN I worked under shared her fair share of saddening stories of what it is like in the operating room. Many hospitals have a limitation of one visitor per patient- meaning that some expecting mothers’ partners must be home to take care of their other children and that there is an absence of the usual flood of friends and family who would shower love upon the new mother and child. As a result of this policy, there are patients who must deliver on their own or with their loved ones through a phone screen. Additionally, the one visitor policy can lead to conflict of who the expecting mother would like as her companion during the delivery. This could be between their partner, a parent/parental figure, a doula (a trained professional who provides the mother with emotional, physical, and mental support before, throughout, and shortly following childbirth), a best friend, etc. Although this rule is extremely useful in the prevention of COVID-19 spread within the hospital, the loneliness and lack of support in labor and delivery are not insignificant issues. These problems and prolonged isolation from quarantining in general most definitely have a negative impact on the mental health of these mothers. Bringing life into this world is usually an event that is filled with lots of joy and loved ones, but the pandemic has transformed it to being a lonely and stressful experience. Studies have proven that after only 50 days of quarantine, pregnant people showed a pronounced “increase in depression, anxiety and negative affect” compared to the non-pregnant people. With a normal pregnancy lasting about 9 months, these emotions are further prolonged and amplified. 

During these trying times, it is important to do what we can in order to take care of ourselves but also to help the others around us, especially those at high risk. While this does include the elderly and those that are immunocompromised, a more subtle population that is still at high risk during this pandemic is pregnant people. It is extremely important that pregnant people take care of their bodies, as they are working to provide for themselves as well as another being. In order to stay physically healthy during the pandemic, pregnant people can follow the typical guidelines for pregnancy such as: eating nutritious meals, exercising regularly (staying at home or socially distanced is best), and getting plenty of rest and sleep. To maintain mental and emotional health during these times, it is essential for pregnant people to keep loved ones close (physically or virtually), as they can aid in the navigation of any anxiety, stress, or depression. Also, speaking to a provider about their mental health can be helpful for pregnant people. There are often support groups offered by hospitals, such as Chester County’s Hospital’s Mommy Wellness Network program. 

Helpful and links to resources that can be shared by non-pregnant people to aid the expecting mothers in their lives:

Featured Image: The Little Poster Shop

Loneliness Is a Public Health Challenge Too

Loneliness Is a Public Health Challenge Too

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One year ago, when the pandemic first took its stronghold, social distancing was a buzzword referring to the measures we must take to prevent community spread. However, almost within a month, people were urged to use the term “physical distancing.” Even if the term did not quite catch on, why was this so significant? Humans are social creatures and living in communities is an important part of our wellbeing. Social distancing seemed to imply we needed to quit engaging with the rest of society and distance ourselves, well, socially. 

Physical distancing, on the other hand, allows for social activities and even encourages interacting with others safely. For instance, online communication is meant to be a substitute for in-person gathering. Meeting with friends with masks on but at a safe distance of at least 6 feet apart is not  beyond the bounds of physical distancing. Even this small change in wording has a considerable effect on how we interact with the world. Despite the efforts to change the way we frame the safety measures taken in the pandemic, loneliness has been a common, shared experience amongst all ages. Older teens and young adults have been hit the hardest by the loneliness epidemic. Some reports even say that the rate of loneliness amongst younger generations is higher than that of older generations, reversing the pre-pandemic trend.

Currently, many people seem to be going through cycles of social withdrawal and social activity,  and many factors influence how people feel about interacting with others right now. 

One fellow undergraduate student expressed their feelings about social reintegration. “I recently met up in person with exec board members for my club, but I was more worried about how to interact with them in person than I was excited.” Schools and universities are more than just educational institutions. They serve a larger role by acting as a point of transition to larger society. For some students, school is the center of their social support network. This link has essentially been broken in the age of virtual learning and stay-at-home orders. 

Additionally, loneliness itself is difficult to define. However, it can be best summarized as “the feeling of being alone, regardless of the amount of social contact.” In this case, online communication may not be sufficient to reduce these feelings of social isolation. 

Another undergraduate echoed similar sentiments about the use of online communication platforms as a replacement for in-person activities. “Many of my friends always wanted to call on Zoom in the beginning, but it always felt forced since we usually had nothing new to add. I think a lot of us realized how much of being friends came from spending so much time together” they said. In fact, in a recent survey by ValuePenguin, 10% of respondents said video chats only make them feel lonelier.

The effects of loneliness do not end at just simply feeling disconnected from society. According to the CDC, social isolation also results in a greatly increased risk of premature death from all causes, not unlike the risk from smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity. In addition to this, it is associated with higher rates of mental illnesses. Due to COVID-19-related distancing, about 25% of women and 30% of men report feeling lonely when they would not otherwise.

To combat these feelings of loneliness and the accompanying feelings of disconnection from society, you can cope in healthier ways:

  1. Find a new hobby you truly enjoy that focuses your attention on one thing.
  2. Keep your body physically active and exercise regularly.
  3. Sleep at the same time each night in order to get consistent rest. 
  4. Engage with small groups of people in a physically distanced setting.
  5. Take frequent breaks from upsetting news and social media scrolling.
  6. Seek help if you feel extremely overwhelmed.

A trap to avoid falling into, especially in the age of social media, is the idealized or stereotypical “self-care.” We tend to perceive self-care to be limited to the posts we see, when actually it looks different for everyone. The one thing that has helped me the most in truly finding peace in an activity is to remember that I am doing this for myself and not anyone else. For some people, this might actually look like a spa day with face masks and warm baths. But for me, a self-care night means cooking dinner with my sister and eating it over our favorite k-drama. 

While it’s important to “distance,” that doesn’t mean we need to become socially disconnected from our community. Ironically, in the epidemic of loneliness, we are not alone. We need each other more than ever to get through these challenging times.

Featured Image by Nikita Ermakov

A Guide to IUDs 

A Guide to IUDs 

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Whether you’ve done a deep dive into birth control options or not, you’ve probably heard at least something about IUDs. Intrauterine devices, more commonly referred to as IUDs, have been on the market in the US in some form since the 1960s, but their popularity has fluctuated over the years, largely due to an IUD called the Dalkon Shield (taken off of the market in 1974) which led to more than 300,000 lawsuits by women who had developed infections and eventually became infertile because of this defective device (1). IUD design and safety has changed significantly since then and the number of women using them in the US have increased in recent years (2). Barbara Blizzard, a nurse practitioner at the UT Women’s Health Clinic, attributes the increase in IUD popularity among college-aged people in recent years to two things: 

  • Increased research shows that IUDs are safe for people who have never given birth
  • The Affordable Care Act, which mandates that all insurance plans cover all forms of birth control, including IUDs, which can cost up to $1000 without insurance. 

If you are one of the many people who have considered getting an IUD in recent years, you may have some questions about them. Here’s a guide to help you decide whether or not an IUD could be right for you!

How do IUDs work?

The method by which IUDs work depends on the type of IUD (more on that later). Hormonal IUDs work the same way that other hormonal forms of birth control do: they slowly release progestins (the same hormone present in several types of birth control, such as the mini-pill, the birth control shot, and Nexplanon, the birth control implant) into your body to stop ovulation and thicken the cervical mucus, both of which reduce the chance of pregnancy. Non-hormonal IUDs don’t prevent ovulation; instead, they work by releasing a small amount of copper ions, which create a hostile environment for sperm (3). It is important to note that no IUD protects against STIs; always use a condom to protect against STIs (3). There are two main types of IUDs: hormonal and non-hormonal. In the US, there are four different hormonal IUDs available: Mirena and Liletta, which are effective for six years, Kyleena, which is effective for five years, and Skyla, which is effective for three years (4,5,6,7). Mirena and Liletta both have the highest hormone levels, and Skyla has the lowest amount of hormone. There is one non-hormonal IUD, the ParaGard, which lasts for ten years. All IUDs available in the US are flexible and shaped like a T; they sit completely in the uterus, with strings that go through the cervix to allow for removal2. 

Why might you consider an IUD?

IUDs are incredibly effective; both hormonal and non-hormonal versions are over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy (3). They are also essentially no-maintenance. Once they are placed, all you have to do is check the strings on the IUD every once in a while by feeling for the strings around your cervix. Since you don’t need to remember to take a pill at the same time every day, the risk of user error is very low. Several of the hormonal IUDs will decrease bleeding and pain during your period, and the copper IUD is a great option for people who don’t want hormonal forms of birth control. 

What are some drawbacks of an IUD?

IUD insertion is not a painless procedure. Insertion “is brief but intense,” Blizzard said, explaining that the uterus is a “formidable muscle” that naturally resists the process of IUD insertion. Both types of IUDs have side effects; the copper IUD can lead to heavier and more painful periods, and the side effects possible with other types of hormonal birth control still apply to hormonal IUDs, such as impacts on mood. Some side effects, such as spotting or irregular bleeding, go away after a few months, but can persist longer in some people. There are also a few risks associated with IUDs, just as with any other form of birth control; there is a small chance that your body may expel the IUD, usually within the first few months of having it, and there is a smaller chance that one of the arms of the IUD could become embedded in your uterine wall (3). Additionally, with IUDs, your choice of menstrual products is slightly more limited. Many people are advised not to use menstrual cups if they have an IUD because the suction might pull it out, and a recent study found that women who use menstrual cups had higher than usual rates of IUD expulsion (8). 

Who might not benefit from an IUD?

If you’ve responded poorly to hormones in the past, hormonal IUDs might not be your first choice. Additionally, non-hormonal IUDs can increase bleeding and pain during periods. “For someone who already has heavy periods or significant cramping, [they] might not choose to try the copper IUD, because that may enhance that,” Blizzard said. Another factor that can influence your ability to get an IUD is something you may not be aware of: if you have a small or irregularly shaped uterus, you may not be able to get T-shaped IUDs, which are the only option available in the US. Several pre-existing conditions may also factor into your decision and your healthcare provider will be able to advise you best on your contraceptive options. Without insurance, IUDs can be a tough financial choice. While they last for many years, the up-front cost can be very high without insurance. 

What if I don’t want my IUD anymore? 

IUDs must be removed by a healthcare professional, but this is a very simple procedure that is typically significantly less painful than the insertion process. IUDs can be removed at any time, and your fertility can return immediately, or you can switch to another form of birth control2. 

So, is an IUD right for me? 

It might be! It also might not be. “You have to look at yourself, and [look] at what gives you the most concern, and what seems to add the most benefit,” Blizzard advised. IUDs, like any other form of birth control, have both pros and cons, and no two people will have the same experience. 

When I started looking at birth control options, I was drawn to the ParaGard copper IUD, because I had never used hormonal birth control before and didn’t know how it would affect me. I had it for a year, but it caused extremely painful cramps that I had never previously experienced, and so I eventually chose to get it removed and switched to birth control pills. I am open to getting a different IUD in the future, but for the time being, I like having a completely predictable period. This is simply my personal experience, though, and every body is different, so you may have a completely different experience with an IUD, no matter which one you choose.