Uncovering electric vehicle ownership disparities using K‑means clustering analysis: A case study of Austin, Texas

Abstract: Transportation electrification is promoted for its environmental benefits, but EV adoption shows complex patterns influenced by race and income disparities. Recent studies often overlook regional ownership variations and urban form measures. This study uses actual EV registration data with spatial analyses, revealing an East–West divide in Austin. West Austin has higher EV adoption, predominantly among higher-income, educated White residents living in single-family homes. East Austin has lower EV adoption, mainly among lower-income African-American and Hispanic populations in mobile homes. Land use and built environment factors, such as green spaces and urban density, significantly impact this divide. Survey preferences for EVs do not always match actual ownership, highlighting the influence of residential choices and urban form on EV adoption.