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2025

Development and validation of the motor measures in the NIH Baby Toolbox®
Adolph, K. E., Cole, W. G., Novack, M. A., Han, Y. C., Kaat, A. J., Rachwani, J., Clark, J., Dusing, S., Heathcock, J., Prosser, L. A., Lockman, J. J., Whitall, J., & Gershon, R. C. (2025).
Infant Behavior and Development, 80, 102115. [DOI]


2024

Natural Behavior.
Lockman, J. J., & Yu, C. (Eds.) (2024).
Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 66. Academic Press (Elsevier).

Tactile localization promotes infant self-recognition in the mirror-mark test.
Chinn, L. K., Noonan, C. F., Patton, K. S., & Lockman, J. J. (2024).
Current Biology, 34(6), 1370–1375.e2. [DOI]


2023

The impact of vision loss on tactile remapping.
Cappagli, G., Hoffmann, M., Chinn, L., Aprile, G., Saligari, E., Luparia, A., Lockman, J., Gori, M., & Signorini, S. (2023).
International Journal of Psychology, 58(S1), 152. [Conference proceedings & reports]

Tactile training facilitates infants’ ability to reach to targets on the body.
Somogyi, E., Hamilton, M., Chinn, L. K., Jacquey, L., Heed, T., Hoffmann, M., Lockman, J. J., Fagard, J., & O’Regan, J. K. (2023).
Child Development, 94(3), e154–e165. [DOI]

Advances in Child Development and Behavior (Vol. 64): Developmental cascades.
Tamis-LeMonda, C., & Lockman, J. J. (Eds.). (2023).
Academic Press/Elsevier.


2022

Advances in Child Development and Behavior (Vol. 62): New methods and approaches for studying child development.
Gilmore, R. O., & Lockman, J. J. (Eds.). (2022).
Academic Press/Elsevier.

Advances in Child Development and Behavior (Vol. 63).
Lockman, J. J. (Ed.). (2022).
Academic Press/Elsevier.

Spatial organization of tactile localization in adults.
Patton, K., Chinn, L. K., & Lockman, J. J. (2022, July).
Poster presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2022), Toronto, Canada. [Conference proceedings & reports]


2021

Young children’s interactions with objects: Play as practice and practice as play.
Lockman, J. J., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. (2021).
Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 3(1), 165–186. [DOI]

Advances in Child Development and Behavior (Vol. 61)
Lockman, J. J. (Ed.) (2021).
Academic Press.

The human face becomes mapped as a sensorimotor reaching space during the first year.
Chinn, L. K., Noonan, C. F., & Lockman, J. J. (2021).
Child Development, 92(2), 760–773. [DOI]


2020

Case- and form-sensitive letter frequencies in children’s picture books.
Fears, N. E., & Lockman, J. J. (2020).
Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 53, 370–378. [DOI]

Infant Object Manipulation and Play.
Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Lockman, J. J. (2020).
In J. J. Lockman & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Infant Development: Brain, Behavior, and Cultural Context (pp. 520–548). Cambridge University Press.

The Cambridge Handbook of Infant Development: Brain, Behavior, and Cultural Context.
Lockman, J. J., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. (Eds.). (2020).
Cambridge University Press. [DOI]

Missing in action: Tool use is action based.
Lockman, J. J., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Adolph, K. E. (2020).
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 43, e170. [DOI]

Learning the designed actions of everyday objects.
Rachwani, J., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Lockman, J. J., Karasik, L. B., & Adolph, K. E. (2020).
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 149(1), 67–78. [DOI]

Letter writing instruction for children: Case-sensitive letter frequencies in children’s handwriting workbooks.
Fears, N. E., Walsh, L. E., & Lockman, J. J. (2020).
Reading and Writing, 33(1), 171–185. [DOI]

Using head-mounted eye-tracking to study handwriting development.
Fears, N. E., & Lockman, J. J. (2020).
Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 8(1), 215–231. [DOI]


2019

Reaching to the self: The development of infants’ ability to localize targets on the body.
Leed, J. E., Chinn, L. K., & Lockman, J. J. (2019).
Psychological Science, 30(7), 1063–1073. [DOI]

Reaching with one arm to the other: Coordinating touch, proprioception, and action during infancy.
Chinn, L. K., Hoffmann, M., Leed, J. E., & Lockman, J. J. (2019).
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 183, 19–32. [DOI]

Infant and child development: innovations and foundations for rehabilitation.
Heathcock, J. C., & Lockman, J. J. (2019).
Physical Therapy, 99(6), 643–646. [DOI]

An eye-tracking method for directly assessing children’s visual–motor integration.
Fears, N. E., Bailey, B. C., Youmans, B., & Lockman, J. J. (2019).
Physical Therapy, 99(6), 797–806. [DOI]

Reaching to the body in blind children.
Cappagli, G., Gori, M., Chinn, L. K., Lockman, J. J., Hoffmann, M., Cocchi, E., & Signorini, S. (2019).
Perception, 48 (ECVP 2019 Abstracts Supplement), 59. [Conference proceedings & reports]

Development of infant reaching strategies to tactile targets on the face.
Chinn, L. K., Noonan, C. F., Hoffmann, M., & Lockman, J. J. (2019).
Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 9. [DOI]


2018

Parts of the whole: Motor and behavioral skills in self-regulation and schooling outcomes.
Liew, J., Cameron, C. E., & Lockman, J. J. (2018).
Early Education and Development, 29(7), 909–913. [DOI]

Which limb is it? Responses to vibrotactile stimulation in early infancy.
Somogyi, E., Jacquey, L., Heed, T., Hoffmann, M., Lockman, J. J., Granjon, L., Fagard, J., & O’Regan, J. K. (2018).
British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 36(3), 384–401. [DOI]

How beginning handwriting is influenced by letter knowledge: Visual–motor coordination during children’s form copying.
Fears, N. E., & Lockman, J. J. (2018).
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 171, 55–70. [DOI]

Fitting handled objects into apertures by 17- to 36-month-old children: The dynamics of spatial coordination.
Jung, W. P., Kahrs, B. A., & Lockman, J. J. (2018).
Developmental Psychology, 54(2), 228-239. [DOI]

Spatial development.
Lockman, J. J., Fears, N. E., & Lewis, E. A. (2018).
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. Oxford University Press. [DOI]

The development of object fitting: The dynamics of spatial coordination.
Lockman, J. J., Fears, N. E., & Jung, W. P. (2018).
Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 55, 31–72. [DOI]


2017

Development of reaching to the body in early infancy: From experiments to robotic models.
Hoffmann, M., Chinn, L. K., Somogyi, E., Heed, T., Fagard, J., Lockman, J. J., & O’Regan, J. K. (2017).
2017 Joint IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL-EpiRob), Lisbon, Portugal, Sept 18–21, 112–119. IEEE. [Conference proceedings & reports] [DOI]

New insights into the development of human tool use.
Lockman, J. J., & Kahrs, B. A. (2017).
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(4), 330–334. [DOI]

Proceedings of the 2017 Joint IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL-EpiRob).
Hoffmann, M., Chinn, L. K., Somogyi, E., Heed, T., Fagard, J., Lockman, J. J., & O’Regan, J. K. (Eds.). (2017).
IEEE, Lisbon, Portugal, Sept 18–21. [Conference proceedings & reports]

Infant development of integrated sensorimotor and visual body maps.
Chinn, L. K., Leed, J. E., Schlichenmeyer, M. M., & Lockman, J. J. (2017).
2017 Joint IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL-EpiRob). Lisbon, Portugal, Sept 18–21. IEEE. [Conference proceedings & reports]


2016

Early Education and Development Special Issue.
Liew, J., Cameron, C. E., & Lockman, J. J. (2016).
Early Education and Development, 27(7), 1101–1102. [DOI]

Perception–action foundations of use of graphic instruments and tools in early childhood.
Lockman, J. J., & Fears, N. E. (2016).
International Journal of Psychology, 51(S1), 254. [Conference proceedings & reports]

Culture influences action understanding in infancy: Prediction of actions performed with chopsticks and spoons in Chinese and Swedish infants.
Green, D., Li, Q., Lockman, J. J., & Gredebäck, G. (2016).
Child Development, 87(3), 736–746. [DOI]


2015

Development of early handwriting: Visual–motor control during letter copying.
Maldarelli, J. E., Kahrs, B. A., Hunt, S. C., & Lockman, J. J. (2015).
Developmental Psychology, 51(7), 879–888. [DOI]

How mothers teach children to open containers.
Comalli, D. M., Chan, G. L. Y., Kellier, D. J., Radhakrishnan, S., Karasik, L. B., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Lockman, J. J., Robinson, S. R., & Adolph, K. E. (2015).
Developmental Psychobiology, 57(Suppl. 1), S9. [Conference proceedings & reports]

How children learn to open containers.
Chan, G. L. Y., Comalli, D. M., Kellier, D. J., Radhakrishnan, S., Karasik, L. B., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Lockman, J. J., Robinson, S. R., & Adolph, K. E. (2015).
Developmental Psychobiology, 57(Suppl. 1), S8. [Conference proceedings & reports]

Manual action, fitting, and spatial planning: Relating objects by young children.
Jung, W. P., Kahrs, B. A., & Lockman, J. J. (2015).
Cognition, 134, 128–139. [DOI]


2014

Tool using.
Kahrs, B. A., & Lockman, J. J. (2014).
Child Development Perspectives, 8(4), 231–236. [DOI]

When does tool use become distinctively human? Hammering in young children.
Kahrs, B. A., Jung, W. P., & Lockman, J. J. (2014).
Child Development, 85(3), 1050–1061. [DOI]

Building tool use from object manipulation: A perception–action perspective.
Kahrs, B. A., & Lockman, J. J. (2014).
Ecological Psychology, 26(1–2), 88–97. [DOI]


2013

Herbert L. Pick Jr. (1930–2012).
Rieser, J. J., & Lockman, J. J. (2013).
American Psychologist, 68(5), 402. [Obituary] [DOI]

Action in social context: Perspectives on early development.
Lockman, J. J., & Hazen, N. L. (2013).
Springer Science & Business Media. [DOI]

Motor origins of tool use.
Kahrs, B. A., Jung, W. P., & Lockman, J. J. (2013).
Child Development, 84(3), 810–816. [DOI]


2012

Hammering by young children with their left and right hands.
Kahrs, B. A., Jung, W. P., & Lockman, J. J. (2012).
Developmental Psychobiology, 54(7), 757. [Conference proceedings & reports]

What is the role of infant banging in the development of tool use?
Kahrs, B. A., Jung, W. P., & Lockman, J. J. (2012).
Experimental Brain Research, 218(2), 315–320. [DOI]

L’utilisation d’objets comme outils: un développement continu. [Object use as tools: a continuous development]
Kahrs, B. A., & Lockman, J. J. (2012).
Enfance, 64(1), 61–71. [DOI]


2010

Change in imitation for object manipulation between 10 and 12 months of age.
Fagard, J., & Lockman, J. J. (2010).
Developmental Psychobiology, 52(1), 90–99. [DOI]


2008

On tool use, perseveration and task dynamics.
Lockman, J. J. (2008).
Infancy, 13(3), 279–283. [DOI]


2007

Infant manual exploration of composite substrates.
Fontenelle, S. A., Kahrs, B. A., Neal, S. A., Newton, A. T., & Lockman, J. J. (2007).
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 98(3), 153–167. [DOI]


2005

Infant manual exploration of objects, surfaces, and their interrelations.
Bourgeois, K. S., Khawar, A. W., Neal, S. A., & Lockman, J. J. (2005).
Infancy, 8(3), 233–252. [DOI]

The effect of task constraints on infants’ (bi)manual strategy for grasping and exploring objects.
Fagard, J., & Lockman, J. J. (2005).
Infant Behavior and Development, 28(3), 305–315. [DOI]

Action as an Organizer of Learning and Development (Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, Vol. 33).
Rieser, J. J., Lockman, J. J., & Nelson, C. A. (Eds.). (2005).
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates / Psychology Press.

The Development of Haptic Perception.
Jouen, F., Molina, M., Klatzky, R. L., Lederman, S. J., Mankinen, J. M., Millar, S., Striano, T., Bushnell, E. W., Streri, A., Féron, J., Fagard, J., Lockman, J. J., Takeshita, H., Fragaszy, D., Mizuno, Y., Matsuzawa, T., Tomonaga, M., Tanaka, M., Weiss, S. J., … Lieven, E. V. M. (2005).
Infant Behavior and Development, 28, 552–554. [Conference proceedings & reports]

Tool use from a perception–action perspective: Developmental and evolutionary considerations.
Lockman, J. J. (2005).
In V. Roux & B. Bril (Eds.), Stone Knapping: The Necessary Conditions for a Uniquely Hominin Behaviour (pp. 319–330). Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. (McDonald Institute Monographs).


2003

Object manipulation in context
Lockman, J. J. (2003).
In C. Raeff & J. B. Benson (Eds.), Social and Cognitive Development in the Context of Individual, Social, and Cultural Processes (pp. 149–167). New York/London: Psychology Press (Routledge).


2001

Going around transparent and grid-like barriers: detour ability as a perception–action skill.
Lockman, J. J., & Adams, C. D. (2001).
Developmental Science, 4(4), 463–471. [DOI]

An embodied theory of cognitive development: Within reach?
Lockman, J. J. (2001).
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 48. [DOI]


2000

A perception–action perspective on tool use development.
Lockman, J. J. (2000).
Child Development, 71(1), 137–144. [DOI]


1999

Mother-infant interaction in drug-affected dyads over the first 9 months of life.
Blackwell, P. L., Lockman, J. J., & Kaiser, M. (1999).
Applied Developmental Science, 3(3), 168–177. [DOI]


1998

Using writing instruments: Invariances in young children and adults.
Greer, T., & Lockman, J. J. (1998).
Child Development, 69(4), 888–902. [DOI]


1996

Dynamical patterns in the development of clapping.
Fitzpatrick, P., Schmidt, R. C., & Lockman, J. J. (1996).
Child Development, 67(6), 2691–2708. [DOI]

Landmark use by infants in a reaching task.
Lockman, J. J., & Dai, B. (1996).
Infant Behavior and Development, 19(Suppl. 1), S584. [Conference proceedings & reports] [DOI]


1993

Developmental biodynamics: Brain, body, behavior connections.
Lockman, J. J., & Thelen, E. (1993).
Child Development, 64(4), 953–959. [DOI]


1992

Commentary on ‘Movement and communication in human infancy’.
Lockman, J. J., & Greer, T. (1992).
Human Movement Science, 11(4), 453–460. [DOI]


1990

Perceptuomotor coordination in infancy.
Lockman, J. J. (1990).
In C.-A. Hauert (Ed.), Developmental Psychology: Cognitive, Perceptuo-Motor and Neuropsychological Perspectives (Advances in Psychology, Vol. 64, pp. 85–111). Amsterdam: North-Holland (Elsevier). [DOI]


1989

Skill and context.
Hazen, N. L., & Lockman, J. J. (1989).
In J. J. Lockman & N. L. Hazen (Eds.), Action in Social Context: Perspectives on Early Development (pp. 1–16). Springer, Boston, MA. [DOI]

Object manipulation in infancy.
Lockman, J. J., & McHale, J. P. (1989).
In J. J. Lockman & N. L. Hazen (Eds.), Action in Social Context: Perspectives on Early Development (pp. 129–167). Springer, Boston, MA (Plenum Press). [DOI]


1988

Toward an ecological conception of landmarks: A developmental perspective.
Lockman, J. J. (1988).
British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(4), 381–383. [DOI]


1987

Increasing social participation in preschool social isolates.
Rao, N., Moely, B. E., & Lockman, J. J. (1987).
Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 16(3), 178–183. [DOI]

Detour ability in infants and toddlers.
Lockman, J. J. (1987).
In P. Ellen & C. Thinus-Blanc (Eds.), Cognitive Processes and Spatial Orientation in Animal and Man: Volume II—Neurophysiology and Developmental Aspects (pp. 250–256). Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff / Springer. [DOI]


1986

Perceptuomotor coordination in sighted infants: Implications for visually impaired children.
Lockman, J. J. (1986).
Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 6(3), 23–36. [DOI]


1985

A longitudinal study of children’s peer concepts.
Lockman, J. J., Moely, B. E., Trejos, L. M., & Richard, K. A. (1985).
Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive (Current Psychology of Cognition), 5(3–4), 415. [Conference proceedings & reports]


1984

Toddlers’ spatial problem solving: Inference or available information.
Rieser, J. J., Sophian, C., Lockman, J. J., & Presson, C. C. (1984).
Infant Behavior and Development, 7(Suppl. 1), 303. [Conference proceedings & reports]

The development of detour ability during infancy.
Lockman, J. J. (1984).
Child Development, 55(2), 482–491. [DOI]

The development of anticipatory hand orientation during infancy.
Lockman, J. J., Ashmead, D. H., & Bushnell, E. W. (1984).
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37(1), 176–186. [DOI]

Problems of scale in spatial development.
Lockman, J. J., & Pick, H. L. (1984).
In C. Sophian (Ed.), Origins of Cognitive Skills (pp. 3–26). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.


1983

Map Reading and Spatial Cognition: Discussion.
Pick, H. L., Jr., & Lockman, J. J. (1983).
In H. L. Pick, Jr., & L. P. Acredolo (Eds.), Spatial Orientation: Theory, Research, and Application (pp. 219–224). Springer, Boston, MA. [DOI]

Infant perception and cognition.
Lockman, J. J. (1983).
In S. G. Garwood & R. R. Fewell (Eds.), Educating handicapped infants: Issues in development and intervention (pp. 117–157). Rockville, MD: Aspen Systems Corp.

Asynchronies in the development of manual behavior.
Lockman, J. J., & Ashmead, D. H. (1983).
In L. P. Lipsitt & C. K. Rovee-Collier (Eds.), Advances in Infancy Research (Vol. 2, pp. 113–136). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.


1982

Development of spatial cognition in children.
Pick, H. L., Jr., & Lockman, J. J. (1982).
In J. C. Baird & A. D. Lutkus (Eds.), Mind Child Architecture (pp. 48–63). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.


1981

Assessing Blind Travelers’ Knowledge of Spatial Layout.
Lockman, J. J., Rieser, J. J., & Pick, H. L., Jr. (1981).
Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 75(8), 321–326. [DOI]

From frames of reference to spatial representations.
Pick, H. L., Jr., & Lockman, J. J. (1981).
In L. S. Liben, A. H. Patterson, & N. Newcombe (Eds.), Spatial Representation and Behavior Across the Life Span: Theory and Application (pp. 39–61). New York: Academic Press.


1980

The development of detour knowledge during infancy.
Lockman, J. J. (1980).
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.

The role of visual experience in knowledge of spatial layout.
Rieser, J. J., Lockman, J. J., & Pick, H. L., Jr. (1980).
Perception & Psychophysics, 28(3), 185–190. [DOI]


1979

Young infants’ sensitivity to optical information for collision.
Yonas, A., Pettersen, L., & Lockman, J. J. (1979).
Canadian Journal of Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie, 33(4), 268–276. [DOI]


1978

The development of children’s representations of large-scale environments.
Hazen, N. L., Lockman, J. J., & Pick, H. L., Jr. (1978).
Child Development, 49(3), 623–636. [DOI]


1976

The role of visual experience in spatial representation.
Rieser, J. J., Lockman, J. J., & Pick, H. L., Jr. (1976, November).
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, MO. [Conference proceedings & reports]

Development of mental representations of spatial layouts.
Lockman, J. J., Hazen, N. L., & Pick, H. L., Jr. (1976, September).
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association (APA), Washington, DC. [Conference proceedings & reports]

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