Turkey in the Cold War: Ideology and Culture – Örnek, C.

Citation

Örnek, Cangül, and Çagdas Üngör. Turkey in the Cold War: Ideology and Culture. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Internet resource.

 

Contents

 

Essays collection

 

Introduction: Turkey’s Cold War: Global Influences, Local Manifestations

Örnek, Cangül (et al.)

Pages 1-18

 

  • Cold War in the Pulpit: The Presidency of Religious Affairs and Sermons during the Time of Anarchy and Communist Threat
  • Kenar, Ceren (et al.)
  • Pages 21-46
  • China and Turkish Public Opinion during the Cold War: The Case of Cultural Revolution (1966–69)
  • Üngör, Çağdaş
  • Pages 47-66
  • Cultural Cold War at the Izmir International Fair: 1950s–60s
  • Durgun, Sezgi
  • Pages 67-86
  • Engagement of a Communist Intellectual in the Cold War Ideological Struggle: Nâzım Hikmet’s 1951 Bulgaria Visit
  • Somel, Gözde (et al.)
  • Pages 87-105
  • Issues of Ideology and Identity in Turkish Literature during the Cold War
  • Günay-Erkol, Çimen
  • Pages 109-129
  • The Populist Effect’: Promotion and Reception of American Literature in Turkey in the 1950s
  • Örnek, Cangül
  • Pages 130-157
  • From Battlefields to Football Fields: Turkish Sports Diplomacy in the Post-Second World War Period
  • Irak, Dağhan
  • Pages 158-173
  • Land-Grant Education in Turkey: Atatürk University and American Technical Assistance, 1954–68
  • Garlitz, Richard
  • Pages 177-197
  • Negotiating an Institutional Framework for Turkey’s Marshall Plan: The Conditions and Limits of Power Inequalities
  • Keskin-Kozat, Burçak
  • Pages 198-218

 

Author

 

Context

 

This volume examines the cultural and ideological dimensions of the Cold War in Turkey. Departing from the conventional focus on diplomacy and military, the collection focuses on Cold War’s impact on Turkish society and intellectuals. It includes chapters on media and propaganda, literature, sports, as well as foreign aid and assistance.

 

Thesis

Methodology

Key Terms

Criticisms and Questions

Notes

 

Introduction:

 

Although turkey is Center Stage with Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan it is completely neglected in most literature.

– Facebook aims to address this important Gap by bringing the local ramifications of the Cold War ideoogical struggle to Global scholarly attention.

-What were the manifestations of the major Cold War ideological divisions in the Turkish context>? What was the role of official institutions and pro-establishment intellectuals in disseminating pro-western and anti communist ideas? how did Turkish officials intellectuals and dissidents respond to American influence in the social economic and cultural fields?

– young Turkish Republic was friendly with the Soviet Union because it received political and material support during the war of independence. friendly relations throughout the 1920s and 1930s.  Maine collaboration was economic planning and industrialization.

– deterioration of relationship during the second World War when Turkish men of letters immigrated from the Soviet Union and sympathized with Nazi Germany.  after the war when atrocities were revealed these Pro Turkish intellectuals would be prosecuted.

– Soviet demands for the Bosphorus shipping channel and Eastern Anatolia would push turkey away from it.

– the Turkish Confederation of revolutionary trade unions founded in 1967 fiercely challenged the pro-government labor Confederation that had advocated american-style free unionism since the early 1950s.

– in the liberal atmosphere of the 1960s translations of the previously banned marxist  Classics became popular and a discussion over Soviet realism took place.

– after 1980 the Turkish Islamic synthesis came to dominate the educational curriculum as well as other aspects of social life.

 

Chapter 2 : China and Turkish public opinion during the Cold War : the case of a cultural revolution

 

– during the cultural revolution turkey had limited information about China because of linguistic and academic expertise.

– there were two main images that opposed one another about Maoist China: The mainstream media was preoccupied with order and stability and was upset with the violence leftists on the other hand we’re greatly inspired

-Overall it helped to deepen the debate over the Cold War in Turkey.

 

Chapter 5: Issues of ideology and identity in Turkish literature during the Cold War

 

-The impact of the 1930s First Congress of Soviet Writers had an immediate impact on Turkey. Karsosmanoglu went to it.

-Nazim Hikmet was a huge influence on the left cultural scence until the 50s.

-1940s poets under Hikmets influence: Hasan İzzettin Dinamo, A. Kadir, Enver Gökçe, Arif Damar, Ahmed Arif: unıted in their exploration of war and militarism, class struggles, and the explotation of workers. Can Yucel published discorse on anarchism and eroticism in the Marxist vein.

-Parralel to the rise of the socialist realist poets with less political messages but trying to mimetically represent all levels of society: Reşat Enis Aygen, Bekir Sıtkı Kunt, Kenan Hulusi Koray, Mehmet Seyda. And stories of ordinary people in life: Sait Faik and Cevat  Şakir Kabaağaçlı

-most prominent anti soviet writer was Nihal Atsız

– village themese by the three kemals: Tahir focused on the sexuality and corruption which overturned fetisization of anatolian aggrandizement. Degeneration and misery.

-Orhan Kemal’s baba evi is an allegory for the instability of the turkish republic, identity search.

-Literary left tradition opposed to hegemonic politics: Aziz Nesin, Sabahattin Ali, Rifat Ilgaz, Vedat Turkali, and Yasar Kemal.

-Ince Memed carefully explores utopian revolutionism and the hero who is fallable.

-Kisakurek became anti-communist who was also critical of westernization.

-Some of the best socialis rrealist writers for village novels: Talip Apaydin, Kemal BIlbasar, Fakir Baykurt, Dursun Akcam. Many suffer from dramatic hero imbalance.

-Next generation of  socialist realist poets: Hasan Huseyin, Sukran Kurdakul, Ataol Behramoglu, Gulten AKin.  Behramoglu close to soviets and spent two years in Moscow.

-Kurtlar Sofrasi – discusses the rise of new classes in Turkey in parallel to Mahmud’s struggle between personal romance and sense of duty to society.

-Devlet ana focuses on ottoman beginnings as pseudo-socialist state and social structure.

-Generation of 1950 was a counter-current in Turkey lacking domineering socialist-realist lit, city origin, aienation of intellectuals and growing distrust of people: Vusat O Bener, Demir Ozlu, Ferit Edgu, Orhan Duru, Yusuf Atilgan, Bilge Karasu, Tahsin Yucel, began writing between 1950-60.

-Tutunamayanlar the identity conflicts of a petty-bourgeois intelelctual like the gen of 1950.

-Yasar Kemal – Yusufcuk Yusuf (1975) the tension between established and contemporary landowners, making the transformaiton from aga to bey a metaphor of the transformation from fuedalism to premature capitalism.

 

“Organic Intellectuals of Urban Politics? Turkish Urban Professionals as Political Agents, 1960-80.” – Bülent Batuman

 

Thesis:

 

The Urban masses were politicized in the 1960s and 1970s. Urban architects and planners played a big role as organic intellectuals. What were their counter-hegemonic potential?

 

Notes:

 

If the classes are not understood as preceding the domain of struggle but rather as being products of it, the intellectuals’ ‘organicity’ can be defined in relation to hegemonic struggle rather than the classes as pre-given elements of the struggle.5 In other words, organic intellectuals can be defined through their relation to the political struggle rather than the classes themselves

The seeking by urban professionals of a means of maintaining closer ties with the popular classes found an answer in ‘advo- cacy planning’, which is the third influential issue that emerged in the second half of the 1960s. Calling for the planners to become the voices of the disadvantaged social groups (Davidoff, 1965), the idea of advocacy plann- ing was enthusiastically embraced for a short period by the Turkish planners and archi- tects as well.

As the experience of urbanisation in Turkey took place parallel to the introduction of a multiparty regime, the process of squatt- ing had always been marked by electoral concerns. As a result, an important issue in the election campaigns —which was widely used by the right-wing governments exploiting the advantage of being in power—was the promis- ing of title deeds to the squatters

The 1971 intervention brought out two unintentional consequences that disrupted this clientelistic structure and eventually paved the way for the radicalisation of squatters during the 1970s. The first of these was the violence generated by the military regime, which was experienced by the squatters in the form of demolitions. The demolitions became a significant aspect of the military regime determinedto‘restoreorder’inthecities.Yet, they served to increase the politicisation of the violence the squatters faced occasionally and also established a connection between democratic demands and resistance to the demolitions.14 The second outcome was even more incidental. The military administration closed down all the beautification societies together with other civil organisations and including some of the political partie

When the societies were reopened after three years, they were appropriated and politicised by the younger generation of squatters as a means to organise against such mafia groups (Heper, 1982). Hence, the period under the military regime set the stage for the un- foreseen turn of the squatters to the left. This shift occurred in terms of both their voting left in the 1973 elections and the gradual establishment of links between the squatters and the radical left.

 

26. State and Class in Turkey – Cağlar Keyder

 

Citation

 

Keyder, Çağlar. State and Class in Turkey: A Study in Capitalist Development. London u.a: Verso, 1987. Print.

Contents

 

1) Before Capitalist Incorporation

2) The Process of Peripheralisation

3) The Young Turk Restoration

4) Looking for the Missing Bourgeoisie

5) State and Capital

6) Populism and Democracy

7) The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialisation

8) Crisis Dynamics

9) The Impossible Rise of Bourgeois Ideology

10) Conclusion as Epilogue

Author

 

History Professor

Context

 

Turkish history is so distorted by the lionization of Ataturk, by the ideology of nationalism, that it’s hard to see the very normal and very decisive class conditions that are at play underneath them.

 

Thesis

 

A bourgeoisie was missing for much of Turkish history due to the history of small-holding peasantry, the power of the bureaucracy, and the expulsion of the fledging christian bourgeoisie.

Methodology

Key Terms

Criticisms and Questions

 

Class interests in the style of the 18th Brumaire become clear and overwhelming once you can take a step back. Maybe the anxiety over the analytical explanatory power of class in comparison with race/gender is of a different scale.

Notes

 

1) Before Capitalist Incorporation

 

-Ottoman order was constructed onto Byzantine order, not feudal. small peasantry stayed intact. no slavery or serfdom.

-Byzantine land code: protect peasants’ landed and other property, use village as communal unit for taxation.

-Ottoman centralisation 3 centuries later restored basic contours of Land Code.

-later half of 19th century restoration of agrarian structure.

-Dispersed agricultural producers required parallel dispersion of mercantile activity.

 

2) The Process of Peripheralisation

 

-Tanzimat socialization took small holding peasants as an ideal.

-No arisotracy, everything based on bureaucratic position.

-Civil bureaucracy differentiated itself from religious officials in 18th century.

-Trade convention with England 1838 started Ottoman financial integreation with European system.

– Bureaucracy threatened by growth of bourgeoisie as christian intermediary class.

-Bureaucracy emerged as paternalistic defender of a normative social order while the public debt administration represented the rule of the market.

-important to distinguish between merchant capital (local labour for commoddities) and productive capital (purely monetary)

-Proletarianisation was unlikely because defended by bureaucracy, reluctance to sell land ownership to foreigners, and small holdings.

-No disposessed peasantry as a free proletariat.

-Foreign capital remained limited to trade-related activities.

 

3) The Young Turk Restoration

 

-Bureaucrats’ how life depended on state, so were all completely wrapped up in state-centered perspective.

-Young Turks could take over state mechanism but did not have a manufacturing bourgeoisie whose interests could be served through the construction of a national economy.

-When the CUP took power they had not discovered the social group whose interests would provide an orientation for future policies. They tried to safeguard the centrality of state power, it was this, not ideological consistency, which informed policies.

-CUP ascension occasioned blossoming of christian art and culture. But bourgeois freedoms was not assimilated by perspectives of the ruling class in a state-centric empire.

-Started to distrust christians especially after the Balkan wars. This is what left towards policy of Turkish nationalism.

-Bureaucracy established itself on top during WWI. Could have have been a class controlling the productive structure, but class struggle with the bourgeoisie was displaced ideologically to ethnic and religious conflict.

-Settled on Muslim merchants as class to back.

-Christian minorities eliminated by 1924, 90% of the pre-war bourgeoisie.

 

4) Looking for the Missing Bourgeoisie

 

-Islamic Ottomanism out after ‘Arab betrayal’, Turks aligned with Soviets, Anatolia became ideoligcal focus, attack by Greeks helped to unify the military-bureaucratic class.

-Power shifted from Istanbul to Ankara after parlimentary elections.

-Any changes would have to be around edges of relationship between bureaucracy and independent peasantry.

-no capitalism in agriculture, christian merchants refused Ottoman state

 

5) State and Capital

6) Populism and Democracy

7) The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialisation

8) Crisis Dynamics

9) The Impossible Rise of Bourgeois Ideology

10) Conclusion as Epilogue

 

Bizim Eleştirmenimiz – Mehmet Rifat

Citation

 

Rifat, Mehmet, and Kemal Bek 1946. bizim eleştirmenlerimiz. vol. no. 1494.;1494;, Türkiye İş Bankasł, İstanbul, 2008.

 

Contents

 

-Cumhuriyet Öncesi Dönem

Tanzimat Döneminde Eleştiri

Tanzimat ile servet-i fünun Arasında

Edebiyat-ı Cedide (servet-i fünun) döneminde eleştiri

Meşrutiyet Döneminde Eleştiri

-Cumhuriyet Dönemi

İstanbul Türkoloji Çığırı

Edebiyat Tarihçileri

Çoğul Disiplinli Yaklaşım

Toplumsal Boyut

Şair

Psikanaliz

 

Author

Context

Thesis

Methodology

 

Very straight forward list with simple summaries of major books and arguments, only about a page per each person, some people listed more than once.

 

Key Terms

Criticisms and Questions

Notes

 

-Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar: Yahya Kemal’ın öğrencisi

– bir edebi eser her şeyden evvel kendisidir

-şiir kötüye kullanılmamalı

-şiir kendisi için roman hayat ve insan içindir diyebiliriz.

Çoğul Disiplinli Yaklaşım: Berna Moran, Murat Belge, Jale Parla, Nurdan Gürbile Orhan Koçak, Yıldız Ecevit

Toplumsal Boyut: Fethi Naci, Memet Fuat, Mehmet Doğan, Özdemir İnce, Ahmet Oktay, Attila İlhan, Selim İleri

 

Fethi Naci – yapıtın estetik bilseşenlerini değil, gerçek yaşamla ilişkisini irdelemeyi

Calls out bad books with bad class perspectives

 

Memet Fuat – very strong political elements in his 70s articles. Marxist worldview. Poetry shows social contradictions.

 

Mehmet Doğan – Poetry poet and time they live in inseperable

 

Özdemir İnce – Poetry and Realism the linguistic problem of poetry. http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/265063

Attila Ilhan -writes about social realism, ikinci yeni is bad because it is unrelated to images which have a social context.

 

Selim Ileri – sharing the beauty of the things he has read.

 

Literary production, currents and politics in Turkey 1960-1980 – Hakkı Başgüney

Citation

 

Başgüney, Hakkı. Literary Production, Currents and Politics in Turkey 1960-1980. , 2014. Print.

Contents

 

-Chapter 1: Literary and Sociological theories

-Chapter 2: international global 60s

-Chapter 3: Turkey in the 1960s and 1970s

-Chapter 4: Literary Production and its impulses

-Chapter 5: Literature and Politics

-Chapter 6: sociological debate

 

Author

Phd Thesis for a student born in 1978. Mainly creates context and builds timeline based on the yealy compendium reviews in Varlik etc. Very little first-hand experience and accounts.

 

Context

Thesis

 

Methodology

 

The extremely dry and formulaic list form of Turkish dissertations you’ve come to know and love. That being said, it focuses on just the right things to make for a very comprehensive history. The three coups were not identical, society was totally different for each one. You get the sense of the late arrival of Marxist ideas.

Key Terms

Criticisms and Questions

 

very interesting to see that there weren’t actually that many books published every year, and so the canon isn’t out of thousands of books but a dozen for any given year, especially in the 40s and 50s.

Notes

Chapter 1: Literary and Sociological theories

-goes through Lukacs and Goldmann (70s leftists fan favorites) and Sartre, not very sophisticated

Chapter 2: international global 60s

Chapter 3: Turkey in the 1960s and 1970s

– Turkey was still in a period of unbalanced development and urbanization process in this period.

-TIP started February 13, 1961 by labor union members. Mehmet ali Aybar.

-CHP led by Bulent Ecevit starting in 1965, eventually became ortanin solu

-3 five-year plans starting in 1963. state assisted in formation of domestic industry by applying import restrictions and high customs tariffs, intervening in exchange rates, and by high wage policies and a policy of agricultural support.

– new constitution limited executive powers, bicameral parliment, constitional court. attempt to limit authoritarianism of last regime.

-Bureaucratic tendency to hegemony was reality, as result of planned economy and belief in well-educated pioneers. Yön was important outlet.

–  Yön founded in1961, leftist intellectuals arguing for rapid economic development, etatism, and state intervention.

-TIP rapidly turned modern socialist party. Early pro-worker character prevented it from becoming influential outside of urban proletariat. TIP’s greatest success not electoral but ideological. Agenda was synthesis of populist, radical, Kemalist, nationalist, and socialist ideas.

-CHP left-wing kemalists supported in the 1970s in its struggle with right-wing powers.

-Soviet literature were more common than Western Marxism, especially youth culture. Criticized petit-bourgeois radicalism from Western youth movements.

-1968 led to break up ageing TIP and create dev-genc. Influential in the 1970s. Also the audience for literary and artistic production of the time. increase in university attendance.

-rock and roll aesthetic cool until late 60s when leftist tried to pose as the “representatives of the people.”

-Cinemateque (1965) alternative to Yesilcam cinema.

– 1964 – Sermet Çağan Ayak Bacak Fabrikası, Brechtian lyrical style and representative of social realism.

-Modern interpetation of folk songs by Ruhi Su.

-two revolutionary theatrical companies: Halk Oyuncuları, Devrim için Hareket Tiyatrosu.

-More Öztürkçe words like soyut, iletişim neden sınav kimlik began to be used in the 1960s.

Chapter 4: Literary Production and its impulses

-literary reviews: Varlık, Yeni Ufuklar, Yeni Dergi, Papirüs, Türk Dili, Yeni a Dergisi, Sanat Emeği, Yeditepe, Milliyet Sanat

– Republican elite systematized their ideology in Kadro (1932), Marxist class warfare on global scale between developed asnd undeveloped coutnreis. but internally a society without class divisions, society as a totality of non-privileged people. (see Asım Karaömerlioğlu, orada bir köy var uzakta)

-Aziz Nesin led the Turkish Writer’s union (Türkiye Yazarlar Sendikası) very influential (nesin yıllığı)

-Ataol Behramoglu – “The translaiton of Marxist classics on one hand and existentialism and surrealism on the other, went hand in hand in beginning of 60s.”

-47liler learned intellectual theory and socialist ideas through art, literature, and history.

-Yaşar Kemal and Orhan Kemal were close frıends. Aziz Nesin and Kemal Tahir were too. But Kemal Tahir and Orhan Kemal has long person conflict.

– Attila İlhan and Kemal Tahir argued for more authentic version of socıalısmç More ındependent and suı generıs ıntellectuals.

– Socialist realist poets of the 1940s became more visible in the 1960s: Ahmed Arif, Arif Damar, Rifat Ilgaz, A. Kadir, Enver Gokce, and Hasan Huseyin.

-1972 Varlik by Uyguner categorization of poetry: the second new, socialist realists, and difficult to categorize (like Daglarca).

-most important poetry of 1968 was Ahmed Arif’s “hasretinden prangalar eskittim”

-Turgut Uyar’s Divan was read and debated, KEmal Tahir liked how it brought back Ottoman lit.

date Historical period Period length novels
1872-1901 Closing of servet-i funun 30 71
1901-1908 2nd constitution 8 7
1908-1923 War of independence 13 48
1922-1950 Kemalism 28 400
1951-1960 DP 10 149
1961-1979 Groovy years 18 432

-1964 meetings in socialist countries to discuss literature.

-In mid-60s socialist realism was at the center of literary production. esp. by the Uc Kemaller.

(a year by year account of each of the books that were written. Very helpful for understanding the year to year context)

-Fathi Neci was a leading character among left. active in TIP, dominated literary world with Marxist literary aesthetics: Lukacs and Goldmann.

 

Chapter 5: Literature and Politics

-collective survey in 1967 varlik almanac by Sennur Sezer about intellectuals’ tendancies to seperate from people (toplu soruşturma, 1968, pg 158 )

-Turgut Uyar saw no disconnect, in a society where all values were in permanent change, concept of the people doesn’t mean much (same article)

-http://www.haberveriyorum.net/haber/edebiyat-halktan-kopmus-muydu-yil-1967

-three trends in 60s70s lit: 1) politically oriented Marxist populist intellectuals 2) universalist, humanist, left-leaning Kemalist intellectuals 3) modernist avant-garde.

-Paul Dumont on peasant novels: strictly production of KEmalist revolution, promoted inteleltuals to act as vanguard.

– Tahsin Yucel: 1970s period of childish enthusiasm. thought could excelerate revolution through a few actions and demonstrations. -1975 article Oguz Atay criticized semi-intellectual gangs in 1975 article (oguz Atay gunluk 7 january 1975).

-Atilla Ilhan – Kutlar Sofrasi important critique of the leftist circles, hypocricy and lack of authenticity. Fethi Naci said it was most anti-communist book ever written in TUrkey. Shared many points with Tahir about nativity and critique of imitation of Western culture.

-Kemal Tahir – Bozkirda critique of village institutes for their insufficiency and the aim to create closed peasant society. Bashed by Fethi Naci, Murat Belge as to style and content mainly because of criticisms of Kemalist heritage. Peasant, like society itself, is complex and varied (notlar p. 500)

 

Chapter 6: sociological debate

 

Türk Romanında Postmodernist Açılımlar – Yıldız Ecevit

Citation

 

Ecevit, Yıldız. Türk Romanında Postmodernist Açılımlar. İstanbul: İletişim, 2014. Print.

 

Contents

 

Giriş

  1. Yüzyıl Avangardist Roman Estetiğine Genel Bakış

Yetmiş Sonrası Türk Romanında Estetik Devrim

Oğuz Atay’ın Tehlikeli Oyunlar

Metin Kaçan’ın Fındık Sekiz

Orhan Pamuk’un Benim Adım Kırmızı

Hasan Ali Toptaş’ın Bin Hüzünlü Haz

http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/issue-file/3493

 

Author

 

asıl uzmanlık alanı olan Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı olmakla birlikte; Türk ve Alman Edebiyatları konusundaki çalışmaları batılı edebiyat kuramları ışığında Türk Edebiyatına ait çözümlemeleriyle de tanınmaktadır.

 

Context

 

gerçeklik nedir, geleneksel sanat nedir, modernizm ve ardından gelen postmodernizm roman estetiğinde neleri değiştirdi türünden sorulara yanıt oluşturmak amacıyla

 

Thesis

 

Methodology

 

Seems to be one of those book maybe meant to introduce a Turkish audience to a subject, but does not offer anything glaringly novel about postmodernism.

Key Terms

 

Kozmoloji,

Gerçeklik

Sanat

 

Criticisms and Questions

Notes

 

Oğuz Atay’ın Tehlikeli Oyunlar

 

-Postmodern edebiyat metinlerinde artık “ne”yin anlatıldığı değil, metinlerin nasıl anlatıldığı/kurgulandığı önem kazanmaktadır.

– üç anlatı düzlemi: yaşam-kurmaca-oyun: Birinci düzlem, gerçek – somut yaşam düzlemi olarak belirlenmiş, burada roman kahramanı Hikmet’in biyografik yaşamı anlatılmıştır. İkinci düzlem, kurmaca düzlemidir ve bu bölümde metin içi öyküler, oyunlar, düşlere yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü düzlem, Hikmet’in iç dünyasının anlatıldığı bölümdür, anılar ve iç konuşmalar yer almaktadır.

 

Metin Kaçan’ın Fındık Sekiz

 

New Age  Anlatisi İslâm mistitisizmi temel olmak üzere simgesel ve alegorik bir doku ile biçimlendirilmiştir. Destansı-masalsı anlatım, imge ve alegori kullanımı, çoğulculuk ilkesi, metaforik anlatım, üstkurmaca, mistik söylem postmodern anlatıda dikkatleri çekmektedir.

 

Orhan Pamuk’un Benim Adım Kırmızı

 

Popüler edebiyat ile sanatsal edebiyatın anlatımlarının karşılaştırılması, resim, minyatür, Kur’an gibi farklı düzlemlerdeki metinlerin bir arada yer alması ve bir kompozisyon oluşturması romanda söz konusudur.

 

Hasan Ali Toptaş’ın Bin Hüzünlü Haz

 

-“postmodern bir modernist, Romantik bir duyarlılıkla yazı- lan romana şiir dili egemendir. Kurgu içerisindeki postmodern unsurlar ise şöyle sıralanabilir: Çoğulculuk ilkesi, karşıtlıkların birbirine harmanlanması, karmaşık ve heterojen bir yapı, grotesk, parodi, masalsı anlatım, polisiye öğeler, gerilim, üstkurmaca, metinlerarası düzlem, imgesel anlatım, dilin bütün olanaklarından yararlanma, varoluş problemi

 

Edebiyat ve Toplum – Kemal H. Karpat

Citation

 

Karpat, Kemal H. Osmanlł’Dan günümüze Edebiyat Ve Toplum. vol. 16.;16;, Timaş, İstanbul, 2009.

 

Contents

 

Author

Kemal Haşim Karpat (born 1925) is a Turkish historian and former professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.[1] He is of Turkish origin and was born in Babadag, Romania. He received his LLB from the University of Istanbul, his MA from the University of Washington and his PhD from New York University. He has previous worked for the UN Economics and Social Council and taught at the University of Montana(though it was called Montana State University at the time) and New York University. He is currently working at Istanbul Şehir University.

 

Context

 

Majority of the text comes from a series of articles on Turkish lit published in America in 1960.

 

Thesis

 

A vulgar pairing of economic and political conditions to literary production from the foundation of the Republic to 1960.

 

Methodology

 

Definately sounds like a traditional historian wrote it. Best aspect is its close attention to class, both that of the writers themselves, but also the social field that the were attempting to portray, and which was the determination in the last instance of their creations.

Key Terms

Criticisms and Questions

 

A great first step into class as the anayltical Framework for understanding mid-century Turkish literature. in what ways was early literature tied to the urban boojwazi end to a state project that left the vast majority of rural Society untouched outside of Taxation.  why was the peasant chosen as the subject of focus end in what ways did the city eventually become the focus.

 

Abasyanik and Orhan Kemal  – portraying the social changes in the city and industrialization = (this would make a fantastic comparison, how one tried to show individuals in the small details of their life, while the other tried to understand the new social groups they were forming)

 

Notes

 

Edebiyat ve toplumun keşfi

– Türkiye’de 19 yüzyılda pazar ekonomisinin ülkeye giriş ve özel mülkiyetin Hakimiyet ile yeni bir orta sınıf doğmuştur.  Ancak bu orta sınıf 2 tur olarak ortaya çıktığı ve doğuşları ayrı nedenleri dayandığı için birlikte hareket edememiştir.

1- Orta sınıf burjuvazi  birkaç büyükşehirde toplandığı ve yerde ürünleri dış ülkeleri pazarladığı yani yerde tarım üreticisi ile diş sermaye arasında mutavassit olduğu için müstakil olamazdı.

2-  orta sınıfın ikinci ve en önemli türü tarım alanında dolmuş ve yerde yani milli kültürü tarihi kimliği sinesinde barındırarak Siyasi güç kazanmak yollarını aramıştır.

 

  • Tek parti döneminde Türkiye’nin karşılaştığı sorunların gizli Kurtuluş şekilde tespit edildi tartışıldı yer edebiyatı.
  • Cumhuriyetin ilk dönemlerinde yani 19140 lara kadar gelişen Mini ve milliyetçi edebiyat yanında sınıfsal farkları vurgulayan eserlerde vardı.
    • Sadri Ertem- çıkrıklar durunca,  silindir şapka giyen Köylü
    • Reşat Enis Aygen-  Toprak kokusu
    • Sabahattin Ali-  Kuyucaklı yusuf, �çimizdeki Şeytan.

 

– Nihayet 1945de  Türkiye’nin çok partili demokrasiye geçmesi ile 20 yıldan beri biriken sorunları ve şikayetler daha serbest şekilde ortaya atılmıştır.  siyasi dergiler günlük gazeteler toplumun karşılaştığı sorunların birçoğunu tartışmasına tenkit etmesine rağmen bazı temel oluşumlara gereği gibi değerlendirirmiyorlar.

-Gerçekçi bazı yazarların solcu sloganlarıyla içinde yaşadıkları burjuva toplumunun alabildiğine tenkit ettikleri doğrudur.  fakat onlar topluma içeriden bakarak Kendilerinin bir parçası olan orta sınıfı- burjuvaziye yatırdıkları küfürleri rağmen- değil Onun eksiklerini tenkit etmekteydiler.  Aziz Nesin Bu yazarlar arasında ön planda yer alır. nun Marko Paşa dergisi sosyal siyasal İncirler için bulunmaz bir kaynaktır.

-On 919 ve 50 yılları Modern Türk edebiyatının Anadolu’yu ve Anadolu insanını keşfetti yıllardır.

– bu kuşağın öncüleri arasında Şüphesiz ki Yahya Kemal,  Halide Edip, Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu önde gelen isimler.

– Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi adlı kitabında Ahmet Mithat Efendi’nin kitaplarını okuyan bir ortasifınin olduğundan söz eder.

– yeni tipte bir  Müslüman orta sınıfın doğuşunu her şeyden evvel miri arazisinin özelleşmesi hızlanmıştır

– Bu yerel musluman orta sınıf Devletin temel kurum olarak mutlaka var olmasını istiyor fakat devletçi felsefeye ve rejimi reddediyordu

-19 yüzyılda oluşan Osmanlı Türk ortasına senin tarihi ve kültürel kendini vardır Bu kökenleri kasaba ve köylerde yaşayan Emekli memurlar Yeniçeri aileleri ulema ve Türk ailelerin de zadeganlarda  vesaire gruplarda bulmak mümkündür.

-Belki de Türk romanının yazılmamasının asıl nedeni gerçek anlamda kökeni kendi halkını dağa ve kendi kültüründe bulanan de modernleşmeyi bilinçli olarak benimseyen bir orta sınıfın henüz tam manasıyla ortaya çıkarak kendi ölçüleri içinde yüksek bir kültür ve edebiyat standardı yaratmamasıdır.

– predicts maturing of Turkish literature now that a modern middle class has emerged.

 

Çağdaş Türk edebiyatında sosyal konular

 

-Edebiyata Toplum Sağlığı sokmak düşüncesi düzenli olarak önce hükümetin desteğiyle 19 2 -1934 yılları arasında yayınlanan kadro dergisinde bilirdi.

– Toplumsal at hemen en ucunda iz bırakan iki güçlü yazar Nazım Hikmet ile Sabahattin Ali.  ilki mayakovski örneğinde ihtilalci şiirler yazdı. Sabahattin Ali yeni bir anlatımla hikayeler Anadolu ve  meselesini gerçekçi bir biçimde gözler önüne Serdi.

– 19.40 da hükümet bir çeviri programı ile eski filozoflardan Çağdaş romancılar a kadar her dilde yazılan önemli 600 kadar edebi eser Türkçe’ye çevrildi.

– 19 145t Köy Enstitüleri dergisini yayınladı.  dergisinin yayınladığı dur. Öğretmenlerle öğrenciler hikayelerini şiirlerini ve gözlemlerini Bu dergide yayanlar.

– Köy Enstitüleri den sonra Talip Apaydın, fakir bayKürt, ve Mehmet Başaran geldiler ve köy problemlerini değişik açılardan derinlemesine eli aldılar.

– çağımızın tekniği Köylü’nün geneleksel hayatında büyük değişiklikler yapmıştır.  edebiyatta yansıtıldığı Talip apaydın’ın Sarı Traktör ve Yaşar Kemal’in ödül kazanan röportaj hikayelerinde Çukurova Yana Yana.

–  Anadolu’da en buyuk toplumsal sıkıntılar işlenecek toprağın yetersizliği ve su kıtlığıdır. Talip Apaydın yarbükü  ve Sağırdere bu problemi iyice inceler.

– Çağdaş Türk edebiyatı sik sik şehir köy ilişkilerinden köylü ile şehirli nin karşılıklı davranışlarından söz açmıştır. yan yana yaşayan ama birbirinin Dürüm ve amaçlarıyla gerçekten ilgilenmeyen iki ayrı kitle diye gösterilir bunlar. (POLITICAL UNCONCIOUS)

– Şehirle koy arasında devamlı bir gidiş geliş görülür köylü çünkü şehirleşmiş genç köylüler devamlı bir işe yerleşince ailelerinin görmek ya da onları şehre getirmek için köylerini dönmektedir ler.

– Kasaba bir diğer bir konu olarak sosyolojik çalışmalar Bir de edebiyat çalışma ya yok denecek kadar azdır.

– kasabalılar Aydınları susturmaya ve ezmeye çalışır.

-Şehirle ilgili olan yazarlar Sait Faik Abasıyanık ve Orhan Kemal.

Abbas ya neck tıpkı bir ressam gibi şehirlilerin hayatlarından ufak tefek olaylar çizerdi.  Orhan Kemal ise şehir işçinin anlatarak sanayileşmenin ve bundan doğan yeni insan topluluklarının çeşitli gönderini başarıyla yansıtmaktadır.  (this would make a fantastic comparison, how one tried to show individuals in the small details of their life, while the other tried to understand the new social groups they were forming)

-Aziz Nesin’in hikayelerinde ilk bakışta yalnız insanların zayıflıklarını dansöz açıldı sanılır Aslında bu hikayelerde toplumsal etkilerin derinlemesine bir incelemesi yapılır.  azar formalite ile Bürokrasi ile Susam İş fırsatıyla kültürü yüzeyde kalmış Aydın’la iki yüzlü ahlakci ile alay eder. Başlıca hedefi politikacılarla yeni zengin sınıfidir.

–  Cengiz Dağcı =   Sovyet birlikte yaşlı maceralarıni anlatan bir yazar

 

Çağdaş Türk edebiyatı (1960)

 

  •  19 33 ten itibaren Yaşar Nabi Nayır tarafından düzenli olarak yayınlanan Varlık Dergisi genç yazar ve şairlerin modern eserlerini yayınlayarak yeni akımı güçlendiriciler.  Yeditepe yeni ufuklar dost gibi başka dergilerde aktif bir şekilde hareketle işbirliği içinde oldular. eni fikirler ve İstanbul gibi daha küçük dergiler de aynı şekilde çeşitli zamanlarda Modanisa aklıma destek oldular.
  • 1941 –  Garip isminde ortak bir şiir kitabında toplanması ile birlikte bu salağın zemin üzerine yeni ve büyük bir girişim inşa edilmeye başladı arayıp üç şairin eserlerini içeriyordu –  Orhan Veli Kanık, Oktay Rıfat ve Melih Cevdet Anday. Garipin 3 şairi ve sayısız takipçilerinin belirgin özelliği geleneksel Türk şiirinin yapay ve basmakalıp anlayışının aksine anlaşılır ve doğal bir şiiri benimsemeleridir.

-Sait Faik was a writer outside the Socialist Realism paradigm who wanted to make people have no category. “Hayattaki hedefinin hicbir sey olmamak” focused on minor details and intense personal uniqueness of moments of peoples lives regardless of trade. Yasar Kemal used folklore and lyricism to complicate and aestheticize the rural experience.

-Aziz Nesin, more of a journalist feel than a poetic feel,

-All writers are mostly from the lower middle class, the sons of state employees, and small businessmen.

The three Kemals : Kemal Tahir – using theories about social class and the asian mode of production, using characters as props to explain this. Criticized by Marxists for not only looking at class struggle but looking at evolutionary milli anlayis. Orhan Kemal not just interested in social theories but the affective dimensions of their lives, their habitus (185) Yasar Kemal uses a lyric style.

The Bourgeois: Between History and Literature – Franco Moretti

The bourgeois was always, as Franco Moretti puts it, “an enigmatic creature, idealistic and worldly,” and the form that best mapped out the boundaries and the gray compromises between these poles of bourgeois identity was the realist novel. In The Bourgeois: Between History and Literature, Moretti shows how the novel as form served as the capacious and adaptable home within which the bourgeois could both assert and camouflage itself.

With the passing of the last remnants of feudal society, bourgeois culture had the difficult job of asserting its specificity while finding a language through which to speak for the whole social order.

His method is to track the significance of particular keywords, and the texture of particular kinds of grammatical form

Long before the pioneering sociologist Max Weber identified “instrumental reason” as a key characteristic of bourgeois culture, Defoe created a syntax for it. Robinson’s labors are nothing if not efficient. What is useful is beautiful on the island of bourgeois thought, and what is both beautiful and useful is without waste. The world is nothing but a set of potential tools and resources. “The creation of a culture of work,” Moretti claims, “has been, arguably, the greatest symbolic achievement of the bourgeoisie as a class.”

The bourgeois self sees a world of particular things as if they were put there to be the raw materials of the work of accumulation

“[F]illers rationalize the novelistic universe,” Moretti writes, “turning it into a world of few surprises, fewer adventures, and no miracles at all.” This is the world that Marx describes, in Capital Volume 1, as appearing as an “immense accumulation of commodities.” The creeping welter of filler, present in Defore, will reach its apogee in Flaubert. It is the bourgeois novel’s one great narrative invention

In the novel, subjectivity decreases and objectivity increases. Description becomes analytic rather than romantic, induction rather than ornament. Or so it appears. Moretti: “description as a form was not neutral at all: its effect was to inscribe the present so deeply into the past that alternatives became simply unimaginable.” This is the novel’s conservative side. While the bourgeois in the economic sphere is a demiurge of industry and accumulation, in the political and cultural sphere he stands, above all, for the solidity and persistence of all things.

Adjectives like “hard,” “fresh,” “sharp,” or “dry” express a judgment without a judge, the author having retreated behind the screen of her or his putatively neutral prose. This, for Moretti, is the real significance of the bourgeois novel’s free indirect discourse, that strange point of view characteristic of the novel, which hovers close to a character but is not identical to it: “It is as if the world were declaring its meaning all by itself

The bourgeois realist novel went through three phases: ascendant, hegemonic, and a third, where it falls apart. The boom in the novel corresponds to the aftermath of the French Revolution; its decline to the rise of imperialism, and the emergence of social questions that — with rare exceptions, like Conrad’s Heart of Darkness — it was not able to encompass. The novel then split into two parallel streams. On the one hand, the genre novel, which presses on into uncharted territory, addressing a mass audience on themes the realist novel had only touched on: class struggle, the death of God, the industrial revolution, the colonial other. On the other, the modernist novel, from Joyce to Platonov, plays out a series of variations on the formal properties inherent in the novel as form, while at the same time trying to speak to the shock of the historical event which now outstrips the speed and scope of the trauma of the French Revolution

 

The Soviet Novel, History as Ritual – Katerina Clark

Citation

Clark, Katerina. The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981

Contents

 

Introduction: the Distinctive role of Socialist Realism in Soviet Culture

 

  1. Socialist Realism before 1932
  2. What Socialist Realism Isand What Led to Its Adoption as the Official Method of Soviet Literature
  3. The Positive Hero in Prevolutionary Fiction
  4. Socialist Realist Classics of the Twenties
  5. High Stalinist Culture
  6. The Machine and the Garden: Literature and the Metaphors for the New Society
  7. The Stalinist Myth of the “Great Family”
  8. The Sense of Reality in the Heroic Age

III. An Analysis of the Conventional Soviet Novel

  1. The Prototypical Plot
  2. Three Auxiliary Patterns of Ritual Sacrifice
  3. Soviet Fiction since World War II
  4. The Postwar Stalin Period (1944-53)
  5. The Khrushchev Years
  6. Paradise Lost or Paradise Regained?

Author

 

Katerina Clark is Professor of Comparative Literature at Yale University. She is author of Petersburg, Crucible of Cultural Revolution and coauthor (with Michael Holquist of Mikhail Bakhtin.

Context

Thesis

the Soviet novel “in terms of the distinctive role it plays as the repository of official myths.”

Methodology

Key Terms

Socialist Realism, the Master Plot, the Positive Hero, the “spontaneity”/”consciousness” dialectic, the “Great Family,”

Criticisms and Questions

Notes

 

middlebrow- more like police novel, rests on canonical examples

tools for studying medieval hagiography or other formulaic genres better suited than highbrow lit tools

question of extratextual meaning, aesthetics not important ideology is

started in 1932 with writer’s conference

canon

Gorky – mother, klim Sangin

Furmanov – Chapeau

Gladkov – Cement

Sholokhov – quiet flows the Don, virgin soil upturned

Ostrovsky – how the steel was tempered

Fadeev- The rout, the young guard

***

Master plot is a ritual in the anthropological sense, a focusing lens for cultural forces, parables which confirm Marxist-Leninist stages of history over course of Soviet novel the cliches represented different things.

[Patristic Texts]

Lenin 1905 – “Party organization and party literature” – foundational text, party-mindedness

Gorky’s mother as putative foundational text / Borges on Kafka: each writer creates his own precursors

1927- Stalin consolidates power

Gleichschaltung –  a system of totalitarian control and coordination over all aspects of society, “from the economy and trade associations to the media, culture and education”.

comic combination of verisimilitude and mythicization

bad because it’s schitzophrenic

German debates (Lukacs and Brecht) not found in USSR

topics @ the congres: form vs. content, bracketing of modernism

-Lenin and Stalin as classic texts, dismissal of use of dialect as alienating (peasantry)

-validity of realism and surpassing of critical realism, good and bad romanticism, sense of history and the new man

Trotsky – against neologisms and regionalisms

skaz – oral form of narrative

Babel – Odessa tales (dialects)

obsession with transparency

“a monologic dream of cultural and ideological homogeneity”

Skaz and experimentation of 20s came under strict militaristic regimentation in 1930s

 

***

 

-it makes (perfect) sense to study socialist realism “from the point of view of the semiotics of culture, to discriminate the meaning of texts and the tradition they form, as opposed to their brute structure, by appealing to differences in different culture systems.”

The Abyss of Representation – George Hartley

Citation

Contents

 

  1. Representation and the Abyss of Subjectivity 1

 

  1. Presentation beyond Representation: Kant and the Limits of Discursive Understanding 22

 

  1. The Speculative Proposition: Hegel and the Drama of Presentation 53

 

  1. Marx’s Key Concept? Althusser and the Darstellung Question 84

 

  1. Figuration and the Sublime Logic of the Real: Jameson’s Libidinal Apparatuses 127

 

  1. The Theater of Figural Space 182

 

  1. Can the Symptom Speak? Hegemony and the Problem of Cultural Representation 235

 

Author

Context

Thesis

 

Hartley describes how modern theory from Kant through Lacan attempts to come to terms with the sublime limits of representation and how ideas developed with the Marxist tradition—such as Marx’s theory of value, Althusser’s theory of structural causality, or Zizek’s theory of ideological enjoyment—can be seen as variants of the sublime object. Representation, he argues, is ultimately a political problem. Whether that problem be a Marxist representation of global capitalism, a deconstructive representation of subaltern women, or a Chicano self-representation opposing Anglo-American images of Mexican Americans, it is only through this grappling with the negative, Hartley explains, that a Marxist theory of postmodernism can begin to address the challenges of global capitalism and resurgent imperialism.

 

Methodology

 

Endless pages of talking

 

Key Terms

 

Hegel’s Absolute Negativity

 

Criticisms and Questions

Notes

 

  1. Representation and the Abyss of Subjectivity

 

-The abyss is not a problem of the subject, as the result of the subjects limited capacity for knowledge Beyond sensory experience, but the very ground of the subject: this paradox of a grounding Abyss means nothing more than that the subject is this space of inclination ability as such, the problem residing rather on the side of substance.

-Clear is no  ideology/ representation  without the category of the subject:  the category of the subject is constituentive of all ideologies, But the category of the subject is constituent of of all ideologies insofar as all ideologies has the function of constituting concrete individuals as subjects.

– subjectification/ interpolation is nothing but the attempt to cover over the traumatic recognition of the abyss of subjectivity as such.  this confrontation with the traumatic thing is the subject as such. interpolation, on the other hand, is the exact attempt to avoid this confrontation.

– the job of idealogy criticism is to identify the position in the other that functions as the desire that the hysteric desires to please.

 

  1. Kant

– if one agrees with Jameson that the sublime object for us in this post modern age is no longer nature but the vast network of global capital this in no way changes the fundamental structure of the experience of the sublime as Kant outlines it in the critique of judgment. Kant Conte says judgment is a bridge that spans the abyss between the real and the sensible.

– kant’s conception of the negativity of the symbol never the last prepares the way for hagel’s project of dialectical negation. What is presented in the symbol is symbolism is a mode of thinking the limits of thinking itself of the negative relationship between discursive understanding and its own discursive limits.

– because of the limits of discourse language can never give a pure representation of super sensible objects it’s symbolic presentations always carry and excessive element within them an unintelligible thing at the heart of the presentation of the supersensible that prevents language from ever becoming a closed symbolic system.

 

  1. Hegel

– Speculative language is not some foreign word from above that captures in itself the imported means to convey because hegel’s theory of language denies any such immediacy. The sign must be emptied out, become some stupid contingent and meaningless thing devoid of any associations with a particular image or intuition and through the radical negativity of it stupidity embody the point of articulation of the subject. Speculative language is ordinary language only more so. Our ordinary language is more than sufficient to provide us with an adequate presentation of the drama of the speculative.

 

  1. Althusser and the Darstellung Question

 

If we are to analyze economic or social or any illogical phenomena in terms of the mode of production with which they operate then we must construct a concept capable of conveying the type of causality at work in the whole.

– the task facing readers of marks Althusser implies is to purify the Marxist text of its pre-scientific metaphors its Figures it’s vorstellungin its dependence on representation.

-Three Notions of Darstellung operating here at once:

-Kant’s concept of versinlichung with its emphasis on the flushing out of the concept.

– the Hegelian sense of scientific method the motive Exposition adequate to the nature of the dialectic

– A sense that I have yet to explore and Althusser points to above the Marxist sense of the presentation of value in commodity production that has a relationship to but cannot be reduced to Consciousness which must rather be seen as an objective historical structural effect.

-The question at stake here is an epistemological 1 concerning our ability to read the structural determinations of the value relation or relation that appears in a mystified form in a society based on commodity production. The key is to see this mystification, however, not as a problem of our ability to see, of our consciousness, of our any law gical shortcomings, of our failure to see what lies before us and is simply hidden beneath a mystifying exterior but to see this mystification instead as a structural effect, and effect of the very structure of commodity production itself. Fetishism is an objective effect of the structure of the value of relation in commodity production, not a subjective illusion or shortcoming. We cannot correct this problem then by learning to see what is there before us but hidden from our view. We must instead learn to read the absences existing in the very fullness of our vision.

– Darstellung then is the presentation in the form of value- by way of the value form- of abstract human labor as it is materialized in the body of the commodity.  The relative form is nothing but the impossible identity of value to itself the void of its own inadequacy. Value must become something other, it must become the value thing that exists apart from its own value being.

– value cannot present itself in this opposition between exchange value and use value because it is not a property specific to the single commodity what a social relationship articulated through the whole commodity structure of which the single commodity is only one part. This structural causality can only operate because of the exceptional one, the commodity excluded from the structure of values. Existence of the structure can only be presented by an element excluded from itself.

– we have arrived at Marxist description of structural causality through the concept of presentation. Value is the effect of structure in that the structure presents itself, through the elaboration of the value form, as the articulation of homogeneous human labor power.

 

  1. Jameson’s Libidinal Apparatus

 

-The political unconscious is the picture developed their of some collective Unity of Consciousness. Only a collected Unity- weather that of a particular class, the proletariat, or of its organ of Consciousness, the Revolutionary party- can achieve the transparency required for the subject- here a collective social political subject- to be fully conscious of its determination by class and be able to square the circle of an illogical conditioning by sheer Lucidity and The Taking of thought. (PU 283)

-The political unconscious is not much concerned with the conditions of possibility of such Lucidity but rather with the mechanisms whereby we attempt to square the circle of 80 illogical limitation by projecting a world in which our actions and values would at an a seemingly Timeless and natural legitimacy, a process of wish-fulfillment that Jameson models on Freud’s development of that Concept in the interpretation of Dreams: figuration. If we are to become aware of class the classes already must be in some sense perceptible as such but this requirements can be fulfilled only when the social conditions of our daily lives had developed the point at which underline class structures become representable in tangible form.

” the relationship between Class Consciousness and figurability in other words demand something more basic than abstract knowledge and implies a mode of experience that is more visceral and existential than the abstract certainties of economics and Marxian social science.”

-This visceral and existential motive experience is the demesne of culture where the classes have to take on the function of characters. In other words at the most basic level class Consciousness is always allegorical each class achieving figure ability to the extent to which it can represent it unconsciously through ART narrative and other idiot logical Productions as a character with its own particular qualities and personality. Figuration then is essentially a mode of allegorical personification.

– all interpretation is it base allegorical various interpretive models functioning not so much as theories per se but rather as unconscious structures and so many afterimages and secondary effects of a given historical mode of figuration. all allegorical methods are unconscious attempts to articulate a system for representing history.

The political  unconscious it should be remembered is ultimately the process of a figurative meditation on the destiny of community.

Historical –  the ideology of form as a matrix of symbolic messages related to different coexisting modes of production

Social-  The ideologeme as a unit in class discourse

political – Individual cultural object as a symbolic Act.
– figuration is necessary because the process of cultural revolution is not a positive empirically available event but rather a structural limitation on how we perceive ourselves and our relationship to the larger social totality that determines us.

– this search for ways of seeing whether conscious or unconscious is the process of cognitive mapping by which we obtained the figures necessary for locating ourselves in history.

– allegorical criticism does not so much interpret a given subject matter through the terms of another Master narrative- where interpretation is seen as the unearthing of some deeper meaning below the surface- as rewrites that subject matter in terms of a different code. Allegory is a process of diversion and reinvestment: the initial terms are diverted from their surface function into the service of other idiot logical functions in reinvested by what we have called the political unconscious.

– this process is not internal to me as an individual but is made possible by the objective figural apparatus available to me. In this way the text draws the real into its own texture as its imminent subtext but not as something external orange extrinsic to the text but something born within and vehicle ated by the text itself interiorized in it’s very fabric in order to provide the stuff on the raw material on which the textual operation must work.

– the literary work or cultural object brings into being that very situation to which it is also a reaction. it articulates its own situation and texture Eliza’s it there by encouraging and perpetuating the illusion that the situation itself did not exist before it that there is nothing but a text.

– ideologies is not something internal to individual consciousness what is an external effect of certain social practices that are displayed by staged by condensed in libidinal apparatuses.

-” it is not terribly difficult to say what is meant by the real in lacan. It is simply history itself”

– Lacanian split subject : The acquisition of language functions as a kind of primary repression, a repression of the imaginary logic of identification, which constitutes the subject as a divided, mediated by language because the subject can never coincide with the signifier that represents it. But binary logic of the imaginary is broken up by the introduction of this mediating third, the other, the unconscious, language itself.

– History is not a text not a narrative but an absent cause it is inaccessible to us except in textural form.

– language manages to carry the real within itself as its own intrinsic or imminent subtext.

– the literary work or cultural object brings into being that situation to which it is also add one in the same time or reaction.

– the difference between the sublime object for Kant and that for Hegel is that the sublime object for Kant is simply the phenomenal object that stretches are representative faculties beyond their limits while the sublime object for Hagel is the obscene embodiment of the nothing Beyond representation the embodiment of radical negativity. We experience the sublime when we come into contact with the miserable object through its it’s very wretchedness embodies this negativity.

– what unites the three levels is the concept of contradiction: at the first level the text functions as a symbolic act that seeks a figural resolution to some Unthinkable social contradiction. At the second level text functions as an ideologeme an utterance in the larger dialogue between contradictory class discourses and at the third level of the text functions as the ideological sedimentation at the level of form or genre itself of the larger process of cultural revolution, the ongoing contradictory process in which historical classes vie for hegemony.

– we cannot simply identify class types in novels because such a position treats class identification as an inert given line and tact outside the text where as the task is to show the textual reflection as constituent of the value of this outside as an allegorical process that produces alternatives to empirical history by emptying them of their finality Andrey orchestrating them in terms of some master fantasy structure of Phantasm.

– the real, this absent cause, which is fundamentally unrepresentable and non-narrative and detectable only in its effects, can be disclosed only by desire itself, whose wish-fulfilling mechanisms are the instruments through which this resistance surface must be scanned.

 

  1. Spivak

 

-A desire to touch the everyday. She does not desire to know what they think or to grasp their consciousness. The everyday and Consciousness operate according to different critical itineraries.

– is after a certain Poetics, a certain mode of putting together of a continuous seeming self for everyday life. This self which only seems continuous but has to seem as such for everyday functioning has been put together for such a seeming despite the chance Inus that may be reined in in the necessary production of this continuity.

Minor characters – Alex Woloch

Character space

Character system

 

By interpreting the character system as a distributed field of attention we make the tension between structure and reference generative of , and integral to, narrative signification.

The tension between representing and allegorizing is one of the focus on one life vs the many

Realist novel – Depth psychology and social expansiveness

The realist novel is destabilized not by too many details but by too many people

Flat minor characters become allegorical

How can human beings enter into a narrative world and not disrupt the distribution of attention?

Minor characters are the proletariat of the novel

Balance between protagonist a minor characters mirrors asymmetric norms of democracy

What we remember about a minor character is how the text forgets them, like a great actor in a bad production

Narratives allow and solicit us to create a story – a distributed pattern of attention- that is at odds with or divergent from the former latter. Of attention in the discourse

19th century realist novel – pull between democratic equality and consequences of social stratification

Antimonies of Realism – Fredric Jameson

Citation

Contents

Author

Context

Thesis

 

to balance linear story-time with impersonal presence: realism’s attempted compromise.

Methodology

Key Terms

Criticisms and Questions

Notes

 

– THE ODD THING about literary “realism” is that it is not a descriptive term at all, but a period: roughly 1830–1895,

-Many classics of 19th-century realism would be conspicuously ruled out if plausibility were any criterion.

-realism becomes, in the folk vocabulary of everyday criticism, simply “the way that we used to do things.”

-This realism was supposedly built on “the transcendent importance of form, the incantatory power of language to reveal truth, the essential fullness and continuity of the self.”

-But there wasn’t subjective plenitude, characters were neurotic, Dickens characters were trager of economic roles.

-Realism is not a cultural logic, but instead multitasking, Realism was instead a period of uneasy transition between two types of narrative: the traditional forms of storytelling like the Bible or medieval romance, and new strategies for describing experience and sensation which were emerging in the 19th century. This struggle between showing vs. telling also had to do with the effort to illuminate historical processes: the attempt to make sense of the social world on the one hand, and the attempt to fully describe personal sensory experience and habits of mind on the other. The harsh truths of life vs. intense self-awareness.  It is more helpful to think about realism not as the unmistakeable presence of a set of classic features, but as an open-ended compromise, a tension arising between these narrative approaches.

– to balance linear story-time with impersonal presence: realism’s attempted compromise.

-realism consisted of a number of ambitious deployments and maneuvers to outflank the stalemated face-off between narration and description, story and scene.

-Realism’s antinomies are parsed in terms of three such unrepresentable projections: providence, war, and “staging our own present as historical.” All of these are untellable visions, but they have in common the collective that Utopia gropes to construct. Also, the titanic stature of Tolstoy’s War and Peace can be accounted for anew, as a book that tries to straddle all three straits: to be a historical novel about war, capped by a theory of historical causality.

“Jameson’s two poles of realism, the registering of affect and the unique destiny, suggest another (unmentioned) recent work: Paul Thomas Anderson’s The Master. All of the techniques of Scientology represented — the wall-touching, the unblinking confessional, the various tests of endurance, the states of inebriation — are certainly apparatuses of bodily specification and the discrimination of intensities; while the religious cult and its insertion into a thoroughly “periodized” (Hopper-esque) Americana evoke all of the problems of a collectivity (“The Cause”) and its emergence. The Master ignites all of these Jamesonian nodes — by way of L. Ron Hubbard’s own authorial proclivities, one could even make a connection to science fiction!”

If there is to be, in Jameson’s phrase “realism after realism,” it will have to mean reclaiming motivation and decisions and the tracing of explanations, in whatever mode available, which will probably have to be invented.